Food sharing and time budgeting in predator-prey interaction (Q2656829)

In the article, the Rosenzweig-MacArthur model is basic, but the authors emphasize the sharing of food in the predator population. It is assumed that only adults can reproduce and hunt for prey, which is the only food source for this species, and the transfer of food from adults to young predators benefits young predators, worsening the position of adults. The model is presented in the form of a non-smooth dynamic system describing the change in the life span of predators in relation to the tendency to share food. The version of the model, taking into account the elimination of energy losses, has a relationship with the base model in terms of dynamic behavior. The bifurcation theory is used to study the bifurcation of this smooth model around the branch points. Due to the complexity of the bifurcation behind the branch points for both smooth and non-smooth models, both models are subject to numerical research. Biological purification is synthesized leading to a slow-fast system for investigating the behavior of solution trajectories around critical manifolds. Based on the Rosenzweig-MacArthur model and the division of the predator population into adults and juveniles, a method for constructing a model is given, including energy loss. In contrast to existing models of adequate food sharing, lack of food usually increases the mortality rate of adults and juveniles. However, cooperative behavior plays a role in maintaining the entire predator population through the survival of the younger generation The energy-lossless model suggests that a stable endemic occurs in accordance with the model, when predators search for prey and reproduce faster, and also when predators spend less time handling prey and also sleeping. Numerical modeling confirms the analytical result of a smooth system with additional information. For the speed of searching for a predator $\beta$, the time of circulation and eating $\tau$, and the time of sleep $\kappa$, there are optimal values of those parameters at which the population of predators can persist for a long time. Smaller (larger) values of $\beta$ ($\tau$ and $\kappa$) suggest less uptake, while larger (smaller) values indicate that the prey population is dying out, resulting in a shortage of food resources for predators. Moreover, Hopf bifurcations (associated with unpredictable long-term behavior) are observed when $\beta$ and the assimilation efficiency $\delta$ are relatively large. In addition, an endemic bubble also occurs when $\tau$ is relatively small. The threshold for $\delta$ serves as a replacement for the Hopf point in a smooth system, and stable limit cycles are born not because of transversality, but because of the trajectories of the solution that fall on the discontinuity boundary; then it is called the discontinuity-induced Hopf bifurcation. The family of limit cycles forms a slightly deformed disk with a positive gradient in y and z, and the discontinuity boundary is almost aligned with the $(y, z)$ plane. With an abundance of prey, adults share food with the subsequent population of juveniles, which slowly shortens the hunting time, but increases the population of both predators and prey, giving the juveniles the abundance that remains before the break line. Another specification of a smooth system is being investigated when tuning a slow-fast system. To analyze the system, the tool of the geometric theory of singular perturbations was used. The result gives two critical varieties, one of which is associated with the disappearance of the victim, and the other with its persistence. Critical victim-extinction diversity never draws decision trajectories from any biologically relevant area. If a prey dies due to a disease or human program, the model predicts that the predator population will also die out due to lack of food. Otherwise, all nearby decision paths are attracted to the critical sacrifice-survivability manifold before finally arriving at endemic equilibrium in it. Only then does the shorter processing and eating time $\tau$ give a greater initial reduction in production until equilibrium is reached. The convergence is determined without any influence of the prey-predator choice of the lifespan relationship $e$.