Developable cubics in \(\mathbb{P}^4\) and the Lefschetz locus in \(\operatorname{GOR}(1, 5, 5, 1)\) (Q2659112)

The correspondence between hypersurfaces of degre \(d\) in \(\mathbb P^{N}_K\), not cones, and graded Artinian Gorenstein \(K\)-algebras of socle degree \(d\) and codimension \(N+1\), given by Macaulay-Matlis duality, has been studied extensively in recent years. In the article under review, the case of cubic hypersurfaces in \(\mathbb P^4\) is considered. A cubic form \(f\) in \(5\) variables corresponds to an Artinian Gorenstein algebra \(A_f\) with Hilbert vector \((1,5,5,1)\). The authors are interested in characterizing the algebras \(A_f\) failing the Strong Lefschetz Property, SLP for short. From the results in [\textit{T. Maeno} and \textit{J. Watanabe}, Ill. J. Math. 53, No. 2, 591--603 (2009; Zbl 1200.13031)], it follows that the algebra \(A_f\) fails the SLP if and only if hess\(_f\), the Hessian of \(f\), vanishes. Moreover, the hypersurfaces with vanishing Hessian are developable, i.e. have degenerate Gauss map.\par The main result of the paper (Theorem 1.1) is that an irreducible cubic hypersurface in \(\mathbb P^4\), not cone, is developable if and only if it is projectively equivalent to a linear section of the secant variety of the Veronese surface in \(\mathbb P^5\). These sections are classified up to projective equivalence; there are three classes, two of them corresponding to cubics with non-vanishing Hessian. The cubics in the third class are projectively equivalent to the dual variety of the scroll \(S(1,2)\).\par The authors then describe the parameter space \(GOR(1,5,5,1)\) of Artinian Gorenstein algebras with Hilbert vector \((1,5,5,1)\) as an open subset in \(\mathbb P^{34}\), and inside this space the locus corresponding to cubics with vanishing Hessian. It is a variety of dimension \(18\), whose degree is computed with the help of Macaulay2. It is interesting to remark that the distinction between algebras that satisfy or fail the SLP is given by the Jordan type.