Construction and asymptotic stability of structurally stable internal layer solutions (Q2716129)

The author considers stationary solutions to the problem NEWLINE\[NEWLINEu_t=\varepsilon^2u_{xx}+f(u,v), \qquad u_x(i)=0,\quad i=0,1,NEWLINE\]NEWLINE NEWLINE\[NEWLINEv_t=v_{xx}+g(u,v), \qquad A_iv_x(i)+B_iv(i)=\beta_i,\quad i=0,1,NEWLINE\]NEWLINE with \(u\in \mathbb R^m\), \(v\in \mathbb R^n\), \(0<x<1\) and \(\varepsilon>0\) is a small parameter. He presents asymptotic expansions as \(\varepsilon\) goes to zero of these internal layer solutions as well as of the critical eigenvalues that determine their stability. The author considers solutions that are structurally stable and assumes that the slow manifolds are normally hyperbolic. NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEFormal solutions are obtained from a shooting method. Rather mild conditions are given so that a sequence of pseudo-Poincaré maps can be defined. This allows matched asymptotic expansions of any order to be computed without assuming the usual transversality hypothesis of the flow to cross sections. A section concerns formal expansions of the critical values and corresponding eigenfunctions. These are determined by a coupling matrix. Although the method used is different and covers different cases, this coupling matrix generates the SLEP matrix used by \textit{Y. Nishiura} and \textit{H. Fujii} [Dynamics of infinite-dimensional systems, Proc. NATO Adv. Study Inst., Lisbon/Port. 1986, NATO ASI Ser., Ser. F 37, 211-230 (1987; Zbl 0642.35009)]. Mono-layer solutions are studied from a geometric point of view, which is equivalent to the shooting method. Such solutions are determined by the transversal intersection of a fast jump surface with a slow switching curve, which reduces Fenichel's transversality condition to the slow manifold. Critical eigenvalues are determined from the angle of intersection between these surface and curve. NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEThree examples are developed. The first one is an \(x\)-dependent system such that the coupling matrix is diagonal. The second one considers coupled Ginzburg-Landau equations. Here, the key lemma in the SLEP method does not hold. The third one is a perturbed activator-inhibitor system that can have any number of mono-layer solutions. It motivates the entire paper. NEWLINENEWLINENEWLINEThe appendix outlines the proof of the existence of exact internal layer solutions, critical eigenvalues and corresponding eigenfunctions. This is based on the contraction mapping principle and justifies the entire paper.