On the solvability of planar complex linear vector fields (Q2841365)

This paper deals with the (non)solvability of the following vector field: NEWLINE\[NEWLINEL=(ax+ by)\partial_x+ (cx+ dy)\partial_y;\;a,b,c,d\in\mathbb{C}^1.\tag{1}NEWLINE\]NEWLINE The standard terminology is used, and it is mentioned that local and semiglobal solvability in \(\mathbb{R}^2\) are equivalent notions for \(L\). These are the main results of the paper (Theorem 1):NEWLINENEWLINE (i) If the critical points of \(L\) form a straight line, then \(L\) is globally solvable in \(\mathbb{R}^2\).NEWLINENEWLINE (ii) Assume that \(0\) is the only critical point of \(L\). Then \(L\) is locally solvable in \(\mathbb{R}^2\) if and only if \(L\) is locally solvable in \(\mathbb{R}^2\setminus\{0\}\) and if \(L\) has no compact orbit in \(\mathbb{R}^2\setminus\{0\}\).NEWLINENEWLINE Another interesting result (Theorem 2) used in the proof of Theorem 1 is that, if \(L\) is locally solvable in \(\mathbb{R}^2\setminus\{0\}\), then \(L\) is not locally solvable at \(0\) if and only if there exists \(\zeta\in \mathbb{C}^1\setminus\{0\}\) such that \(\zeta L\) is a real vector field which can be transformed after a linear change into \(\partial_\theta= x\partial_y- y\partial_x\). The polar coordinates in \(\mathbb{R}^2\) are denoted by \((r,\theta)\).NEWLINENEWLINE If \(0\) is the only critical point of \(L\) then \(L\) is a differential operator of principal type if and only if NEWLINE\[NEWLINE{1\over 2}(b- c)-{1\over 2}(b+ c)\cos 2\theta+{1\over 2}(a- d)\sin 2\theta\neq 0,\quad\text{for all }\theta.NEWLINE\]NEWLINE At the end of the paper, the author compares his Theorem 12 to the classical \textit{L. Hörmander}'s Theorem 26.11.13 from [The analysis of linear partial differential operators. IV: Fourier integral operators. Berlin etc.: Springer-Verlag (1985; Zbl 0612.35001)]. The latter concerns the semiglobal solvability of differential operators of principal type and requires nonexistence of trapped bicharacteristics. It is written in the paper under consideration that ``the conclusion in Theorem 26.11.13 might be valid even when trapped bicharacteristics are present, provided there be at least one that is not trapped''.