Classification theorems for solutions of higher order boundary conformally invariant problems. I. (Q329641)

The paper is concerned with classification of nonnegative solutions \(u\in C^{2m}({\mathbb R}_+^{n+1}\cap {\mathbb R}_+^{n+1})\) for the problem \[ \Delta^m u(x,t)=0 \quad \text{in}\quad{\mathbb R}_+^{n+1}, \] \[ \partial_t \Delta^k u(x,t)=0\quad \text{on}\quad\partial{\mathbb R}_+^{n+1},\quad 0\leq k\leq m-2, \] \[ (-1)^m \Delta^{m-1} u(x,t)=u^p \quad \text{on}\quad\partial{\mathbb R}_+^{n+1}, \] where \[ 2\leq 2m\leq n+1, \quad 1<p\leq \frac{n+(2m-1)}{n-(2m-1)}. \] In the case where \(m\) is even, the following additional assumption is made: \[ u(x,t)=o\Big(\big(|x|^2+t^2\big)^{(2m-1)/2}\Big)\quad\text{as}\quad |x|^2+t^2\to 0. \] The main result of the paper establishes the following: {\parindent=8mm \begin{itemize}\item[(i)] If \(p= \frac{n+(2m-1)}{n-(2m-1)}\) then any solution satisfies \[ u(x,t)=c(m,n)\int_{{\mathbb R}^n}\frac{t^{m-1}}{(|x-y|^2+t^2)^{\frac{n+(2m-1)}{2}}}\left(\frac{\lambda}{1+\lambda^2|y-x_0|^2} \right)^{\frac{n-(2m-1)}{2}}dy+\sum_{k=1}^{m-1}t^{2k}P_{2k}(x), \] where \(x_0\in {\mathbb R}^n\), \(\lambda>0\), \(c(m,n)>0\) is a normalizing constant, \(P_{2k}(x)\) is a polynomial of degree at most \(2m-2-2k\) satisfying \(\liminf_{|x|\to \infty}P_{2k}(x)\geq 0\). \item[(ii)] If \(1<p< \frac{n+(2m-1)}{n-(2m-1)}\) then any solution satisfies \[ u(x,t)=\sum_{k=1}^{m-1}t^{2k}P_{2k}(x), \] where \(P_{2k}\geq 0\) is a polynomial of degree at most \(2m-2-2k\). \end{itemize}} The approach relies on a careful analysis of the problem kernel that combines the higher-order linear effect of \(\Delta^m\) and the nonlinear part from the boundary conditions.