Approximation numbers of composition operators on \(H^p\) spaces of Dirichlet series (Q332188)

For any \(p\in[1,\infty)\), define \(\mathcal{H}^p\) as the completion of the set of the Dirichlet polynomials \(P(s):=\sum_{n=1}^N b_n n^{-s}\) with respect to the norm \[ \| P\| _{\mathcal{H}^p}:=\left[\lim_{T\to\infty}\frac 1T\int_0^T | P(it)|^p\,dt\right]^{1/p}. \] For any \(\theta\in\mathbb{R}\), define the half-plane \(\mathbb{C}_\theta:=\{s=\sigma+it:\sigma>\theta\}\). It is well known that \(\mathcal{H}^p\) consists of functions analytic on \(\mathbb{C}_{1/2}\), which defines an analytic map \(C_\varphi\) by \(C_\varphi f:=f\circ\varphi\) whenever \(f\in\mathcal{H}^p\) and \(\varphi\) maps \(\mathbb{C}_{1/2}\) into itself. An analytic function \(\varphi\) on \(\mathbb{C}_{1/2}\) is said to belong to the Gordon-Hedenmalm class \(\mathcal{G}\) if it can be represented as \[ \varphi(s)=c_0s+\sum_{n=1}^\infty c_n n^{-s}=:c_0 s+\psi(s), \] where \(c_0\) is a nonnegative integer and \(\psi\) is a Dirichlet series that is uniformly convergent in each half-plane \(\mathbb{C}_\epsilon\) when \(\epsilon\in(0,\infty)\) and is either identically \(0\) or has the mapping properties \(\psi(\mathbb{C}_0)\subset\mathbb{C}_0\) if \(c_0\geq 1\) and \(\psi(\mathbb{C}_0)\subset\mathbb{C}_{1/2}\) if \(c_0=0\). For any bounded linear operator \(T\) on a Banach space \(X\), the \(n\)th approximation number \(a_n(T)\) is defined by \(a_n(T):=\inf\{\|T-R\|:\;\mathrm{rank}\,R<n\}\). The main results of this paper are as follows. First, the authors use some tools from Banach space theory and a certain interpolation method for \(\mathcal{H}^2\) to give the lower bounds of the \(n\)th approximation number of bounded composition operators of \(\mathcal{H}^p\). More precisely, assume that \(c_0\) is a nonnegative integer, \(p\in[1,\infty)\), and that \(\varphi(s):=c_0s+\sum_{n=1}^\infty c_nn^{-s}\) is a nonconstant function that generates a compact composition operator \(C_\varphi\) on \(\mathcal{H}^p\). If \(c_0=0\), then, for some \(\delta\in(0,1)\), there exists a positive constant \(C\) such that \(a_n(C_\varphi)\geq C\delta^n\) for all \(n\). Otherwise, \(a_n(C_\varphi)\geq \delta_p(n\log n)^{-\mathrm{Re}\,c_1}\), where \(\delta\in(0,\infty)\) only depends on \(p\). These lower bounds are optimal. Second, the authors establish a new Littlewood-Paley formula to give a sufficient condition for a composition operator on \(\mathcal{H}^p\) to be compact, that is, if \(\varphi(s)=c_0s+\psi(s)\) is in \(\mathcal{G}\) with \(c_0\geq 1\), \(\mathrm{Im}\,\psi\) is bounded on \(\mathcal{C}_0\) and \(\mathcal{N}(s)=o(\mathrm{Re}\,s)\) when \(\mathrm{Re}\,s\to 0^+\), then \(C_\varphi\) is compact on \(\mathcal{H}^p\), where \(\mathcal{N}_\varphi(s):=\sum_{w\in\varphi^{-1}(s)}\mathrm{Re}\, w\) when \(s\in\varphi(\mathbb{C}_0)\) and \(\mathcal{N}_\varphi(s):=0\) otherwise. Lastly, the authors discuss a transference principle from \(H^p\) of the unit disc to show that there exists a function \(\varphi(s):=\sum_{n=1}^\infty c_nn^{-s}\) in \(\mathcal{G}\) such that \(C_\varphi\) is bounded on \(\mathcal{H}^1\) with the estimate \(ae^{-b\sqrt{n}}\leq a_n(C_\varphi)\leq a'e^{-b'\sqrt{n}}\).