Closing lemmas (Q353938)

A closing lemma is a result of the form: given a dynamical system and a point whose orbit has some type of return property (nontrivial recurrence, nonwandering, etc.), prove that there is a dynamical system that is close (typically, \(C^r\) close) to the original one and for which the orbit of that point is periodic. This thorough survey article presents various types and variations of the closing lemmas as they can be found in the literature of the subject, as well as covering associated topics (density of periodic points, connecting orbits, description of generic systems). The paper includes outlines of proofs.