The role of macroinstrument and microinstrument and of observable quantities in the new conception of thermodynamics (Q384369)

The paper consists of two main parts. In the first part, a concept of observable quantities is introduced associated with a macroinstrument measuring the density and temperature and with a microinstrument determining the radius of a molecule and its free path length, and also the relationship between these observable quantities. The concept of the number of degrees of freedom is generalized to the case of low temperatures. Note that this consept relates the observable quantities listed above. An analogy between the creation and annihilation operators for pairs (dimers) and the creation and annihilation operators for particles (molecules) is carried out. Moreover, a generalization of the concept of a Bose condensate for classical molecules is introduced as an analog of an ideal liquid (without attraction). The phase transition gas-liquid for an ideal gas is calculated. Now, in the second part of the paper, a concept of a new observable quantity is introduced. Using this concept, the author retreats the concepts of the Boyle temperature and of the critical temperature. Furthermore, the equation for the Zeno line is interpreted as the relation describing the dependence of the temperature on the density at which the dimers disappear. The maximal density of the liquid is calculated as well as the maximal density of the holes.