Some recent developments in the theory of function spaces involving differences (Q395440)

This interesting survey presents a systematic introduction of the recent development of function spaces of distributions and measurable functions which can be described via differences. The involved function spaces include the classical Sobolev spaces, Besov and Triebel-Lizorkin spaces, and also the spaces \({\mathbf{B}}^s_{p,q}(\mathbb{R}^n)\) and \({\mathbf{L}}^s_{p}(\mathbb{R}^n)\) of measurable functions. Let \(\Delta^k_hf\) denote the \(k\)th-order difference of \(f\). Recall that the space \({\mathbf{B}}^s_{p,q}(\mathbb{R}^n)\) with \(p,\,q\in(0,\infty]\) and \(s\in(0,k]\) for \(k\in\mathbb{N}\) is defined as the collection of all \(f\in L_p(\mathbb{R}^n)\) such that \[ \|f|{\mathbf B}^s_{p,q}(\mathbb{R}^n)\|_k=\|f|L_p(\mathbb{R}^n)\|+\left[\int_0^1 t^{-sq}\sup_{|h|\leq t} \|\Delta^k_hf|L_p(\mathbb{R}^n)\|^q \frac{dt}t \right]^{1/q} \] is finite, and the space \({\mathbf{L}}^s_{p}(\mathbb{R}^n)\) with \(p\in(0,\infty]\) and \(s\in(0,k]\) for \(k\in\mathbb{N}\) is defined as the collection of \(f\in L_p(\mathbb{R}^n)\) for which there exists a function \(g\in L_p(\mathbb{R}^n)\), which is nonnegative almost everywhere, such that, for \(h\in\mathbb{R}^n\) with \(0<|h|<1\), \[ |h|^{-s}|\Delta^k_h f(x)|\leq \sum_{l=0}^k g(x+lh),\quad a.\,e.\;\text{in}\;\mathbb{R}^n. \] The related quasi-norm of \(f\) in \({\mathbf{L}}^s_{p}(\mathbb{R}^n)\), denoted by \(\|f|{\mathbf{L}}^s_{p}(\mathbb{R}^n)\|\), is then defined as \(\|f|L_p(\mathbb{R}^n)\|+\inf_g \|g|L_p(\mathbb{R}^n)\|\), where the infimum is taken over all \(g\) as above. In this paper, the authors recall the relations among these spaces and some real interpolation property involving the spaces \({\mathbf{B}}^s_{p,q}(\mathbb{R}^n)\) and \({\mathbf{L}}^s_{p}(\mathbb{R}^n)\). As applications, they present a new equivalent characterization for the embedding from the classical Besov space into the Lebesgue space via differences, and they also describe the limit of the Besov norm \(\|\cdot|{\mathbf{B}}^s_{p,q}(\mathbb{R}^n)\|\) when \(s\uparrow k\). Some Gagliardo-Nirenberg inequalities related to these spaces are also established.