Vertex operators and quasimodularity of Chern numbers on the Hilbert scheme (Q409630)

Let \(\mathcal{O}/\mathcal{J}\) denote the tautological rank \(n\) bundle over the Hilbert scheme of \(n\) points on \(\mathbb{C}^2\). The author studies the \(\mathbb{C}^{*}\)-equivariant integrals over the Hilbert scheme of points on \(\mathbb{C}^2 \) of the form \[ F(k_1,\dots,k_N)=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}q^{n}\int \mathrm{ch}_{k_1}(\mathcal{O}/\mathcal{J})\cdots \mathrm{ch}_{k_N}(\mathcal{O}/\mathcal{J})\cdot e(T_{\beta}\mathrm{Hilb}^n \mathbb{C}^2), \] where \(\mathbb{C}^{*}\) acts on \(\mathbb{C}^2\) by the formula \(z\cdot (x,y)=(zx,z^{-1}y)\), \(\mathrm{ch}\) denotes the Chern character and \(T_{\beta}\mathrm{Hilb}^n \mathbb{C}^2 \) denotes the equivariantly twisted tangent bundle to the Hilbert scheme. The main result of the paper states that \(F(k_1,\dots,k_N)\) is a quasimodular form in \(q\). These integrals generalize the so-called Nekrasov partition function appearing in mathematical physics, which was computed explicitly by N. Nekrasov and A. Okounkov. Although the Hilbert scheme is not compact, the integrals can be defined using the equivariant localization at isolated fixed points of the torus action. The author computes explicitly the contributions of the fixed points, what allows him to obtain the combinatorial formula for \(F(k_1,\dots,k_N)\) as an infinite sum over all partitions. He then identifies the direct sum of equivariant cohomology of \(\mathrm{Hilb}^n\mathbb{C}^2\) with the Fock space, and shows that the operators of cup products with \(\mathrm{ch}_{k_N}(\mathcal{O}/\mathcal{J})\) and \(e(T_{\beta}\mathrm{Hilb}^n \mathbb{C}^2)\) can be expressed in terms of certain vertex operators \(\Gamma_{\pm(x)}\) on this space. This approach allows him to present \(F(k_1,\dots,k_N)\) as a contour integral in 2\(N\)-dimensional space and prove the quasimodularity of this function.