Weighted noncommutative regular projective curves (Q510249)

In this article, a noncommutative (regular projective) curve is a category \(\mathcal H\) having the same formal properties as the category \(\mathrm {coh}(X)\) of coherent sheaves on a (regular projective) curve \(X/k\). The formal properties is defined locally by Lenzing-Reiten, and globally by Stafford - van den Bergh: NC1: \(\mathcal H\) is a small, connected, abelian, and each object in \(\mathcal H\) is noetherian. NC2: \(\mathcal H\) is a \(k\)-category with finite dimensional \(\mathrm {Hom}\) and \(\mathrm {Ext}\)-spaces. NC3: There is an autoequivalence \(\tau\) on \(\mathcal H\), the \textit{Auslander-Reiten translation}, such that Serre duality \(\mathrm {Ext}^1_{\mathcal H}(X,Y)=\mathrm {DHom}_{\mathcal H}(Y,\tau X)\) holds, where \(D=\mathrm {Hom}_k(-,k)\). NC4: \(\mathcal H\) contains an object of infinite length. By Serre duality it follows that \(\mathrm {Ext}^n_{\mathcal H}\) vanishes for all \(n\geq 2\), proving that \(\mathcal H\) is hereditary. \(\mathcal H_0\) denotes the Serre subcategory of \(\mathcal H\) consisting of objects of finite length, \(\mathcal H_+\) objects not containing a simple object. Then every indecomposable object belongs either to \(\mathcal H_+\) or \(\mathcal H_0\), and \(\mathcal H_0=\coprod_{x\in\mathbb X}\mathcal U_x\) for an index set \(\mathbb X\), where \(\mathcal U_x\) are connected, uniserial categories, called \textit{tubes}. By this, it is reasonable to write \(\mathcal H=\mathrm {coh}(\mathbb X)\), and the author add the additional assumption that \(\mathbb X\) consists of infinitely many points. Then \(\mathbb X\) is called a \textit{weighted noncommutative regular projective curve} over \(k\). Because \(\mathbb X\) is assumed to contain infinitely many points, it follows that for each \(x\in\mathbb X\), the number \(p(x)\) of isomorphism classes of simple modules in \(\mathcal U_x\) is finite, and for all but a finite set of \(x\in\mathbb X,\;p(x)=1\). The numbers \(p(x)>1\) are called the weights of \(\mathcal H\), and the corresponding points are called exceptional. A simple simple object \(S\) with \(\mathrm {Ext}^1(S,S)=0\) is called an \textit{exceptional simple sheaf}. An indecomposable object \(L\in\mathcal H\) is called a \textit{line bundle} if it becomes a simple object modulo \(\mathcal H_0\). If, in addition there is upto isomorphism precisely one simple sheaf \(S_x\) concentrated in \(x\) with \(\mathrm {Ext}^1(S_x,L)\neq 0,\) it is called \textit{special}. \(\mathcal H\) is called \textit{non-weighted} (homogeneous) if \(p(x)=1\) for all \(x\), which is equivalent to \(\mathrm {Ext}^1(S,S)\neq 0\) for each simple object \(S\). The author proves that one can reduce to the non-weighted case: Let \(\mathcal H\) be a weighted noncommuative regular projective curve with the exceptional points given by \(x_1,\dots,x_t,\) with \(p(x_i)>1\). Choose for every \(i=1,\dots,t\) a simple sheaf \(S_i\) concentrated in \(x_i\), and let \(\mathscr{S}\) be the system \(\{\tau^i S_i|i=1,\dots,t;j=1,\dots,p_i-1\}.\) Then the right perpendicular category \(\mathcal H_{nw}=\mathscr{S}^\perp\subseteq\mathcal H\) is a full exact subcategory of \(\mathcal H\) which is a non-weighted noncommutative regular projective curve, and there is a special line bundle \(L\) in\(\mathcal H\). Each weighted noncommutative regular projective curve \(\mathcal H\) over \(k\) is obtained from a non-weighted noncommutative regular projective curve \(\mathcal H_{nw}\) over \(k\) by insertion of weights into a finite number of points of \(\mathcal H_{nw}\). The authors always consider a pair \((\mathcal H,L)\), \(L\) a special line bundle considered as the structure sheaf. The quotient category \(\tilde H=\mathcal H/\mathcal H_0\) is semisimple with one simple object given by the class \(\tilde L\) pf \(L\) so that \(\tilde H=\mathrm {mod}(k(\mathcal{H}))\) for the skew field \(k(\mathcal H)=\mathrm {End}_{\tilde{\mathcal H}}(\tilde L)\), the \textit{function field}. Also, \(\mathcal H/\mathcal H_0\simeq\mathcal H_{nw}/(\mathcal H_{nw})_0\) implying that \(k(\mathcal H)\simeq k({\mathcal H}_{nw})\). The author proves that if \(\mathcal H\) is non-weighted, then it is uniquely determined by its function field. The global skewness of \(\mathcal H\) is the number \(s(\mathcal H)=[k(\mathcal H):Z(k(\mathcal H))]^{1/2}\), and \(Z(k(\mathcal H))\simeq k(X)\) for a unique regular projective curve over \(k\), called the centre curve of \(\mathcal H\). In the main part of the text, \(\mathcal H\) is a noncommutative, non-weighted, regular projective curve over a perfect field \(k\), and \(S_x\) denotes the unique simple sheaf concentrated in \(x\). The aim of the article is to give a detailed introduction, with examples, to noncommutative curves by the approach given with basis in the Auslander-Reiten translation \(\tau\) which is a global datum of the category \(\mathcal H\). The local properties of \(\tau\) is studied by looking into the explicit structure of the tubes \(\mathcal U_x\). The Auslander-Reiten translation \(\tau\) acts on each \(\mathcal U_x\) which is a hereditary category with with Serre duality, and is a basic, non-trivial example of a connected uniserial length category. Such categories where classified by their species by Gabriel. In the case of a homogeneous tube with one simple object \(S\), this species is the \(D-D\)-bimodule \(\mathrm {Ext}^1(S,S)\), \(D=\mathrm {End}(S)\), and these are classified explicitly. This determines the complete local rings as certain twisted power series rings. The core of the main results is stated verbatim as Theorem. For each point \(x\in\mathbb X\) the full subcategory \(\mathcal U_x\) of skyskraper sheaves concentrated in \(x\) is equivalent to the category of finite length modules over the skew power series ring \(\mathrm {End}(S_x)[[T,\tau^-]]\). Here the twist \(\tau^-\), with \(Tf=\tau^-(f)T\) for all \(f\in\mathrm {End}(S_x)\), is given by the restriction of the inverse Auslander-Reiten translation \(\tau^-;\mathcal H\rightarrow\mathcal H\) to the simple object \(S_x\) concentrated in \(x\). From this result, the restriction of \(\tau\) to \(\mathcal U_x\) is of order \(e_{\tau}(x)\), the \(\tau\) multiplicity in \(x\). The author study this multiplicity and proves that it has reasonable properties. From the essential fact that each noncommutative regular projective curve is uniquely determined by its function field, many known results from the theory of orders follows. In particular, the \(\tau\)-multiplicities are just the ramification indices of \(\mathcal A\), the sheaf of \(\mathcal O_X\)-orders. The author review facts on different and dualizing sheaves which follows after proving that \(\tau\in\mathrm {Pic}(\mathcal H)\). The author shows that \(\mathrm {Pic}(\mathcal H)\) is determined by \(\mathrm {Pic}(X)\), the Picard group over the centre curve \(X\). The author defines the Euler characteristic and genus of a noncommutative regular projective curve, and proves that it becomes a Morita equivalence. Also, the elliptic case is studied as a particular case. Motivated by the representation theory of finite dimensional algebras, as characterized by admitting tilting objects, a detailed treatment of the genus \(0\) case is given. The main focus is on the ghost group \(\mathcal G(\mathcal H)\), the subgroup of \(\mathrm {Aut}(\mathcal H)\) given by those automorphisms fixing the structure sheaf \(L\) and all simple sheaves \(S_x,\;(x\in\mathbb X)\). The ghost group can be seen as a measure of the failure from the ground field to be algebraically closed, and is then used to study categories of finite dimensional modules. The above results make possible the study of noncommutative regular projective curves over \(\mathbb R\), which also specializes to the classification of all genus zero and genus one Witt curves. This is a very extensive article, and it should be mentioned that it also treats tubular curves, the Klein bottle, Fourier-Mukai partners, and that it gives formulas for the normalized orbifold Euler characteristic. The treatment of noncommutative curves as schemes with coordinate rings and determined by their inclusions in the function field is very algebraic, and the article is a very nice entrance to noncommutative geometry.