Orbital shadowing for 3-flows (Q512633)

The theory of shadowing, which is closely related to the hyperbolicity properties of dynamical systems, constitutes an important technique for the analysis of the global dynamics of such systems. Briefly, the shadowing property implies that, for any sufficiently accurate approximate orbit of a given dynamical system, there exists an exact orbit nearby. Other types of shadowing have been studied, such as orbital shadowing and weak shadowing; a recent review on the various types of shadowing, and on the relationship between those, can be found in [\textit{S.Yu. Pilyugin}, Differ. Equ. 47, No. 13, 1929--1938 (2011; Zbl 1252.37019)]. Classical results imply that any diffeomorphism satisfies the shadowing property in neighbourhoods of hyperbolic sets [\textit{R. Bowen}, Equilibrium states and the ergodic theory of Anosov diffeomorphisms. Berlin: Springer (2008; Zbl 1172.37001)], as well as that structurally stable diffeomorphisms exhibit shadowing on entire manifolds [\textit{K. Sawada}, Nagoya Math. J. 79, 33--45 (1980; Zbl 0448.58017)]. For flows generated by vector fields, analogous results can be found in [\textit{S.Yu. Pilyugin}, Shadowing in dynamical systems. Berlin: Springer (1999; Zbl 0954.37014)]. Moreover, it is well known that the \(C^1\) interior of the set of diffeomorphisms that have the shadowing property coincides with the set of structurally stable diffeomorphisms, as does the \(C^1\) interior of the set of diffeomorphisms that exhibit orbital shadowing [\textit{K. Sakai}, Osaka J. Math. 31, No. 2, 373--386 (1994; Zbl 0820.58045)]. While the same is true, \textit{mutatis mutandis}, for flows without singularities [\textit{K. Lee} and \textit{K. Sakai}, J. Differ. Equations 232, No. 1, 303--313 (2007; Zbl 1112.37017)], the presence of a singularity may cause ``recurrent'' orbits to accumulate; specifically, any flow in the \(C^1\) interior of the set of flows with shadowing then is \(\Omega\)-stable [\textit{S. Gan} et al., J. Dyn. Differ. Equations 28, No. 1, 225--237 (2016; Zbl 1357.37036)], but not structurally stable in general [\textit{S. Yu. Pilyugin} and \textit{S. B. Tikhomirov}, J. Differ. Equations 248, No. 6, 1345--1375 (2010; Zbl 1190.37019)]. In the present article, the authors study the \(C^1\) interior of the set of flows on three-dimensional closed manifolds that exhibit orbital shadowing; the corresponding vector fields are said to satisfy the \(C^1\)-robustly orbital shadowing property. They prove that such flows are \(\Omega\)-stable. The restriction to three dimensions is crucial in their proof, which requires them to control the index of a certain periodic orbit in order to arrive at a contradiction.