Characterization of Lipschitz functions via the commutators of singular and fractional integral operators in variable Lebesgue spaces (Q525074)

In this paper the authors consider characterizations of a variable version of Lipschitz spaces in terms of the boundeness of commutators of Calderón-Zygmud and fractional type operators in the context of the variable exponent Lebesgue space. We shall now describe them in more detail. Let \(Q\) be a cube in \(\mathbb{R}^n\) with sides parallel to the coordinate axes. Let \(0< \delta \leq 1\). The space \(\mathbb{L}(\delta)\) is defined by \[ \mathbb{L}(\delta) = \bigg \{ b \in L^1_{\text{loc}} : \sup_{Q} \frac{1}{|Q|^{1+\delta/n}} \int_Q |b(x)-b_Q| dx < C \;\text{for} \;\text{some} \;C \bigg\}. \] \noindent For measurable functions \(f\) on \(\mathbb{R}^n\) and some positive \(\lambda\), the variable exponent Lebesgue space \(L^{p(\cdot)}\) is defined by \[ L^{p(\cdot)}(\mathbb{R}^n) = \{ f \in \mathbb{R}^n : \varrho(f/\lambda)= \int_{\mathbb{R}^n} |f(x)/\lambda|^{p(x)} \, dx < \infty \} \] and its Luxemberg type norm can be defined by \[ \|f\|_{p(\cdot)} = \inf \big\{ \lambda > 0 :\varrho(f/\lambda) \leq 1 \big\}. \] Let \(p \in \mathcal{P}^{\log}(\mathbb{R}^n)\) such that \(1 < \beta \leq p^{-} \leq p(x) \leq p^{+} < \frac{n\beta}{(n-\beta)^+}\) and let \(\delta(x)/n = 1/\beta -1/p(x)\). For measurable functions \(f\) the variable version of spaces \(\mathbb{L}(\delta)(\cdot)\) is defined by \[ \mathbb{L}(\delta)(\cdot) = \bigg\{ f : \sup_{B} \frac{1}{|B|^{1/\beta} \| \chi_B\|_{p'(\cdot)}} \int_B |f-m_B f| dx < \infty \bigg\}. \] Let \(T\) denote a Calderón-Zygmud operator \[ Tf(x) = \mathrm{v.p.} \int K(x-y)f(y) \, dy \] where the kernel \(K \in C^{\infty}(\mathbb{S}^{n-1})\) is homogeneous degree \(-n\) with \(K(x) = |x|^{-n} K(x/|x|)\) and \(\int_{\mathbb{S}^{n-1}} K = 0\). For \(b \in L^{1}_{\text{loc}}\) the commutator of \(T\) is defined by \[ C_{b} f(x) = b(x)T(f)(x)-T(bf)(x). \] They firstly obtain characterizations of the space \(\mathbb{L}(\delta)\) and the variable spaces \(\mathbb{L}(\delta)(\cdot)\) in terms of the boundeness of \(C_{b}\) between variable exponent Lebesgue spaces \(L^{p(\cdot)}\). They also give a sufficient condition on the symbol \(b\) of the commutator \(C_{b}\) in order to obtain the boundeness of this operator between Lebesgue and Lipschitz spaces in the variable context. Secondly, they treat fractional type operators \(T^{\alpha}\) (\(0 < \alpha < n\)) defined by \[ T^{\alpha}f(x) = \int_{\mathbb{R}^n} K^{\alpha}(x-y)f(y) \, dy \] where the kernel \(K^{\alpha} \in C^{\infty}(\mathbb{S}^{n-1})\) is homogeneous degree \(-(n-\alpha)\) with \(K^{\alpha}(x) = |x|^{-(n-\alpha)} K^{\alpha}(x/|x|)\). For \(b \in L^{1}_{\text{loc}}\) the commutator of \(T^{\alpha}\) is defined by \[ C_{b}^{\alpha} f(x) = b(x)T^{\alpha}(f)(x)-T^{\alpha}(bf)(x). \] Similarly as above they obtain a characterization of the space \(\mathbb{L}(\delta(\cdot))\) in terms of the continuity properties of \(C_{b}^{\alpha}\). In order to get the boundeness of this operator, they establish a sufficient condition on the symbol \(b\) of \(C_{b}^{\alpha}\) between Lebesgue and Lipschitz spaces in the variable framework. In order to prove the above, a pointwise estimate related to the sharp maximal operator of the commutator and some maximal operators is shown.