Structure of the Verma module \(M(-\rho)\) over Euclidean Lie algebras (Q584375)

Let \(G\) be a symmetrizable Kac-Moody Lie algebra and \(L(-\rho)\) be the irreducible quotient of the Verma module \(M(-\rho)\). \textit{V. G. Kac} and \textit{D. A. Kazhdan} [Adv. Math. 34, 97--108 (1979; Zbl 0427.17011)] gave the conjecture on the character formula: \[ \operatorname{ch} L(-\rho)=e^{- \rho}\prod_{\substack{\alpha \in \Delta \\ (\alpha,\alpha)\ne 0}}(1-e^{- \alpha})^{-\dim G_{\alpha}}. \] In this paper the author gives a proof for the conjecture when \(G\) is a Euclidean Lie algebra. In addition, he also determines the Jantzen filtration of \(M(-\rho)\) in this case. Further, he shows that the conjecture fails in general and states a new conjecture for the general case at the end. If \(G\) is a Euclidean Lie algebra, the conjecture can be rewritten as \[ \operatorname{ch} M(-\rho)=\sum^{\infty}_{k=0}m_k \operatorname{ch} L(-\rho -k\zeta), \] where \(\zeta\) is the smallest positive imaginary root of \(G\) and \[ \sum^{\infty}_{k=0}m_ke^{-k\zeta}=\prod^{\infty}_{k=0}(1- e^{-k\zeta})^{-\dim G_{\alpha}}. \] Let \(I_-\) be the Lie subalgebra of \(G\) generated by the set of negative imaginary root vectors of \(G\) and let \(U(I_-)\) be its universal enveloping algebra. Then \(m_k=\dim U(I_- )_{-k\zeta}\) for all \(k\). The author shows that each negative imaginary root vector gives rise to a highest weight vector of an embedding of \(M(- \rho)\) and these highest weight vectors behave in many ways exactly like the corresponding imaginary root vectors. He shows that the multiplicity of \(L(-\rho -k\zeta)\) in \(M(-\rho)\) is \(m_k\) for all \(k\). This enables us to compute an upper bound for \(\dim L(-\rho -\eta)\) for all \(\eta\) which leads to the conclusion.