Mixed type multiple orthogonal polynomials for two Nikishin systems (Q5962343)

Let \(\sigma_{a}\) and \(\sigma_{b}\) be two measures with compact support on the real line \(R\) and let \(\Delta_{a}\) and \(\Delta_{b}\) be the smallest intervals containing the supports of \(\sigma_{a}\) and \(\sigma_{b}\), and assume \(\Delta_{a} \cap \Delta_{b} = \emptyset\). Define \[ <\sigma_{a}, \sigma_{b}> = \int \frac {d\sigma_{b}(t)} {x - t} d\sigma_{a}(x) = \hat{\sigma}_{b}(x) d\sigma_{a}(x). \] Here \(<\sigma_{a}, \sigma_{b}>\) is a measure whose support is the support of \(\sigma_{a}\). Now let \(\sigma_{0}, \sigma_{1}, \dots, \sigma_{n}\) be Borel measures on \(R\), and assume \(\Delta_{j} \cap \Delta_{j+1} = \emptyset\) for \(0 \leq j \leq n-1\). Define recursively \[ <\sigma_{0}, \sigma_{1}, \dots \sigma_{j}> = <\sigma_{0}, <\sigma_{1}, \sigma_{2}, \dots \sigma_{j}>>, \;\;\;\;j = 1, 2, \cdot\dot\cdot n, \] where it is assumed that \(\Delta_{j} \cap \Delta_{j+1} = \emptyset\) for \(0 \leq j \leq n-1\). Let \[ s_{0} = \sigma_{0}, \;s_{1} = <\sigma_{0}, \sigma_{1}>, \;\dots, \;s_{n} = <\sigma_{0}, \sigma_{1}, \dots, \sigma_{n}>. \] We say that \((s_{0}, s_{1}, \dots, s_{n}) = {\mathcal N}(\sigma_{0}, \sigma_{1}, \dots, \sigma_{n})\) is the Nikishin system of measures generated by \((\sigma_{1},\sigma_{2}, \dots, \sigma_{n})\). Let \({\mathbf n}_{1}\) and \({\mathbf n}_{2}\) be two vectors of integers, where \[ {\mathbf n}_{1} = (n_{1,0}, n_{1,1}, \dots, n_{1,m_{1}}) \;\;\;\text{and } \;\;{\mathbf n }_{2} = (n _{2,0}, n_{2,1}, \dots, n_{2,m_{2}}) , \] and set \[ |{\mathbf n}_{1}| = n_{1,0} + n_{1,1} + \dots + n_{1, m_{1}} \;\;\text{ and } \;\;|{\mathbf n}_{2}| = n_{2,0} + n_{2,1} + \dots + n_{2,m_{2}}. \] Let \({\mathbf n} = ({\mathbf n}_{1}, {\mathbf n}_{2})\) and assume that \(|{\mathbf n}_{2}| + 1 = |{\mathbf n}_{1}|\). Let \(S^{1} = (s_{0}^{1}, s_{1}^{1}, \dots, s_{m_{1}}^{1}) = {\mathcal N}^{1}(\sigma_{0}^{1}, \sigma_{1}^{1}, \dots, \sigma_{m_{1}}^{1})\) and \(S^{2} = (s_{0}^{2}, s_{1}^{2}, \dots, s_{m_{2}}^{2}) = {\mathcal N}^{2}(\sigma_{0}^{2}, \sigma_{1}^{2}, \dots, \sigma_{m_{2}}^{2})\) be two Nikishin systems generated by \(m_{1} + 1\) and \(m_{2} + 1\) measures, respectively, and assume that \(\sigma_{0}^{1} = \sigma_{0}^{2}\). For \(|{\mathbf n}_{1}| \geq 1\) and \({\mathbf n} = ({\mathbf n}_{1}, {\mathbf n}_{2})\), let \(a_{{\mathbf n},0}, a_{{\mathbf n}, 1}, \dots, a_{{\mathbf n},m_{1}}\) be a system of polynomials such that (1) for each \(j, 0 \leq j \leq m_{1}\), the degree of \(a_{{\mathbf n},j}\) does not exceed \(n_{1,j} - 1\) (where a degree less than zero means that the polynomial is identically zero) and at least one of the polynomials \(a_{{\mathbf n},j}\) is not identically zero, and (2) for \(0 \leq k \leq m_{2}\), \[ \int x^{v} \bigg(a_{{\mathbf n},0} + \sum_{j=1}^{m_{1}} a_{{\mathbf n},j}(x) \hat{s}_{1,j}^{1}(x) \bigg) ds_{0,k}^{2} (x) = 0, \;\;\;\;\;\;v=0, 1, \dots, n_{2,k} - 1. \] The system of polynomials satisfying both (1) and (2) is called a system of mixed type multiple orthogonal polynomials relative to the multi-index \({\mathbf n} = ({\mathbf n}_{1}, {\mathbf n}_{2})\) and the pair \((S^{1}, S^{2})\) of Nikishin systems. The multi-index \({\mathbf n} = ({\mathbf n}_{1}, {\mathbf n}_{2})\) is said to be \textit{normal} if the degree in (1) is equal to \(n_{1,j} - 1\) for each \(j\). Let \[ A_{{\mathbf n},0} = a_{{\mathbf n},0}(z) + \sum_{k=1}^{m_{1}} a_{{\mathbf n},k}(z) \hat{s}_{1,k}(z). \] The authors prove a number of results concerning the set of polynomials \(a_{{\mathbf n},0}, a_{{\mathbf n},1}, \dots, a_{{\mathbf n}, m_{1}}\) and the linear form \(A_{{\mathbf n},0}(z)\). For example, if the coordinates of both vectors \({\mathbf n}_{1}\) and \({\mathbf n}_{2}\) are positive and decreasing, then \({\mathbf n } = ({\mathbf n}_{1}, {\mathbf n}_{2})\) is normal. Results are given about the rate of convergence for appropriate polynomials and linear forms for a sequence of multi-indices and systems of measures using mild assumptions. Connections are made to a vector-valued equilibrium problem for the logarithmic potential, and also to a conformal representation of a Riemann surface of genus zero contained in the extended complex plane.