Exact evaluations and reciprocity theorems for finite trigonometric sums (Q6076978)

In the paper under review, the authors obtain a remarkable number of interesting trigonometric identities, by following two methods. The first method, which is based on contour integration and residue calculus, ends in explicit evaluations of several trigonometric sums, including (i) the sums \[ \sum_{0<n<k}\frac{\cos(\pi n/k)^{2a}}{\cos(2\pi n/k)^{2a+2}},\quad \sum_{0<n<k}\frac{\sin(\pi n/k)^{2a}}{\sin(2\pi n/k)^{2a+2}}, \] where \(k\) denote an odd positive integer, and \(a\) denote a positive integer. (ii) reciprocity theorems for cotangent sums, including the following identity \begin{multline*} p\sum_{n=1}^{q-1}\frac{\cot(\pi n/q)\cot(\pi np/q)}{\sin^2(\pi n/q)}+q\sum_{n=1}^{p-1}\frac{\cot(\pi n/p)\cot(\pi nq/p)}{\sin^2(\pi n/p)}\\ =\frac{p^4+q^4-5p^2q^2+3}{45}, \end{multline*} where \(p,q\geq 3\) are distinct odd integers. (iii) the following analogues of Gauss sums \[ \sum_{0<n<p/2}\chi(n)\frac{\sin(a\pi n/p)}{\sin(\pi n/p)},\quad \sum_{0<n<p/2}\chi(n)\frac{\cos(a\pi n/p)}{\cos(\pi n/p)}, \] where \(\chi\) denote an even non-principal character modulo \(p\), and \(p\) is odd. (iv) the following sums with multiple sine terms \[ \sum_{0<n<p/2}\chi(n) \frac{\sin(a_1\pi n/p)\sin(a_2\pi n/p)\cdots\sin(a_k\pi n/p)}{\sin^k(\pi n/p)}. \] (v) the following sum with characters and trigonometric functions with two distinct periods \[ \sum_{\substack{0<n\leq pq-1\\ n\neq kp,kq}}\chi_1(n)\chi_2(n) \frac{\sin^{a_1}(b_1\pi n/p)}{\sin^{a_1+1}(\pi n/p)}\frac{\sin^{a_2}(b_2\pi n/q)}{\sin^{a_2+1}(\pi n/q)}. \] In the second method, the authors work in two cyclotomic fields to evaluate several sums involving fractional functions of roots of unity, and then to evaluate several sums involving trigonometric functions, including (i) the following trigonometric summation identity with two independent periods \begin{align*} &\sum_{\substack{n=1\\ p \nmid n, \, q \nmid n}}^{pq-1} \dfrac{\cot\Big(\dfrac{\pi n}{p}\Big)\cot\Big(\dfrac{\pi n}{q}\Big)}{\sin^2\Big(\dfrac{\pi n}{pq}\Big)}\\ &\quad =\frac{1}{45p}(p^4q^3-5p^4q+4q^3-5p^2q^3+55p^2q+30p^2-50q-30)\\ &\qquad+\frac{32}{p}\sum_{j=1}^{p-1}\frac{\omega_j}{(\omega_j-1)^3(\omega_j^q-1)} +\frac{32q}{p}\sum_{j=1}^{p-1}\frac{\omega_j}{(\omega_j-1)^2(\omega_j^q-1)^2}, \end{align*} where \(p, q \geq 2\) are coprime integers and \(\omega_j=e^{2\pi ij/p}\). (ii) the following trigonometric summation identity with two independent periods \begin{align*} &\sum_{\substack{n=1\\ p \nmid n, \, q \nmid n}}^{pq-1} \dfrac{\cot\Big(\dfrac{\pi n}{p}\Big)\cot\Big(\dfrac{\pi n}{q}\Big)}{\cos^2\Big(\dfrac{\pi n}{pq}\Big)} =\frac{2}{3p}(p^2-1)(5q+3)\\ &\qquad\qquad +\frac{32}{p}\sum_{j=1}^{p-1}\frac{\omega_j}{(\omega_j+1)^3(\omega_j^q-1)} -\frac{32q}{p}\sum_{j=1}^{p-1}\frac{\omega_j}{(\omega_j+1)^2(\omega_j^q-1)^2}. \end{align*} where \(p, q \geq 3\) are coprime integers and \(\omega_j=e^{2\pi ij/p}\). (iii) some reciprocity results, including \[ \sum_{n=1}^{q-1} \frac{\cot\Big(\dfrac{\pi np}{q}\Big)\cot\Big(\dfrac{\pi n}{q}\Big)}{\sin^2\Big(\dfrac{\pi n}{q}\Big)} =\frac{(q^2-1)}{3}+16\sum_{n=1}^{q-1}\frac{\xi_n}{(\xi_n-1)^3(\xi_n^p-1)}, \] where \(p\) and \(q\geq 2\) are positive and coprime integers and \(\xi_n=e^{2\pi in/q}\).