Exact evaluations and reciprocity theorems for finite trigonometric sums

DOI10.1007/S40687-023-00403-0MaRDI QIDQ6076978zbMATH OpenFDO

Authors

Publication date 17 October 2023

Published in Research in the Mathematical Sciences (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.00180

zbMATH Keywords

characters finite trigonometric sums Gauss sums reciprocity theorems

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Trigonometric and exponential sums (general theory) (11L03) Exponential and trigonometric functions (33B10)

Abstract: We evaluate in closed form several classes of finite trigonometric sums. Two general methods are used. The first is new and involves sums of roots of unity. The second uses contour integration and extends a previous method used by two of the authors. Reciprocity theorems for certain trigonometric sums are also established.

Review text

In the paper under review, the authors obtain a remarkable number of interesting trigonometric identities, by following two methods. The first method, which is based on contour integration and residue calculus, ends in explicit evaluations of several trigonometric sums, including (i) the sums \[ \sum_{0<n<k}\frac{\cos(\pi n/k)^{2a}}{\cos(2\pi n/k)^{2a+2}},\quad \sum_{0<n<k}\frac{\sin(\pi n/k)^{2a}}{\sin(2\pi n/k)^{2a+2}}, \] where \(k\) denote an odd positive integer, and \(a\) denote a positive integer. (ii) reciprocity theorems for cotangent sums, including the following identity \begin{multline*} p\sum_{n=1}^{q-1}\frac{\cot(\pi n/q)\cot(\pi np/q)}{\sin^2(\pi n/q)}+q\sum_{n=1}^{p-1}\frac{\cot(\pi n/p)\cot(\pi nq/p)}{\sin^2(\pi n/p)}\\ =\frac{p^4+q^4-5p^2q^2+3}{45}, \end{multline*} where \(p,q\geq 3\) are distinct odd integers. (iii) the following analogues of Gauss sums \[ \sum_{0<n<p/2}\chi(n)\frac{\sin(a\pi n/p)}{\sin(\pi n/p)},\quad \sum_{0<n<p/2}\chi(n)\frac{\cos(a\pi n/p)}{\cos(\pi n/p)}, \] where \(\chi\) denote an even non-principal character modulo \(p\), and \(p\) is odd. (iv) the following sums with multiple sine terms \[ \sum_{0<n<p/2}\chi(n) \frac{\sin(a_1\pi n/p)\sin(a_2\pi n/p)\cdots\sin(a_k\pi n/p)}{\sin^k(\pi n/p)}. \] (v) the following sum with characters and trigonometric functions with two distinct periods \[ \sum_{\substack{0<n\leq pq-1\\ n\neq kp,kq}}\chi_1(n)\chi_2(n) \frac{\sin^{a_1}(b_1\pi n/p)}{\sin^{a_1+1}(\pi n/p)}\frac{\sin^{a_2}(b_2\pi n/q)}{\sin^{a_2+1}(\pi n/q)}. \] In the second method, the authors work in two cyclotomic fields to evaluate several sums involving fractional functions of roots of unity, and then to evaluate several sums involving trigonometric functions, including (i) the following trigonometric summation identity with two independent periods \begin{align*} &\sum_{\substack{n=1\\ p \nmid n, \, q \nmid n}}^{pq-1} \dfrac{\cot\Big(\dfrac{\pi n}{p}\Big)\cot\Big(\dfrac{\pi n}{q}\Big)}{\sin^2\Big(\dfrac{\pi n}{pq}\Big)}\\ &\quad =\frac{1}{45p}(p^4q^3-5p^4q+4q^3-5p^2q^3+55p^2q+30p^2-50q-30)\\ &\qquad+\frac{32}{p}\sum_{j=1}^{p-1}\frac{\omega_j}{(\omega_j-1)^3(\omega_j^q-1)} +\frac{32q}{p}\sum_{j=1}^{p-1}\frac{\omega_j}{(\omega_j-1)^2(\omega_j^q-1)^2}, \end{align*} where \(p, q \geq 2\) are coprime integers and \(\omega_j=e^{2\pi ij/p}\). (ii) the following trigonometric summation identity with two independent periods \begin{align*} &\sum_{\substack{n=1\\ p \nmid n, \, q \nmid n}}^{pq-1} \dfrac{\cot\Big(\dfrac{\pi n}{p}\Big)\cot\Big(\dfrac{\pi n}{q}\Big)}{\cos^2\Big(\dfrac{\pi n}{pq}\Big)} =\frac{2}{3p}(p^2-1)(5q+3)\\ &\qquad\qquad +\frac{32}{p}\sum_{j=1}^{p-1}\frac{\omega_j}{(\omega_j+1)^3(\omega_j^q-1)} -\frac{32q}{p}\sum_{j=1}^{p-1}\frac{\omega_j}{(\omega_j+1)^2(\omega_j^q-1)^2}. \end{align*} where \(p, q \geq 3\) are coprime integers and \(\omega_j=e^{2\pi ij/p}\). (iii) some reciprocity results, including \[ \sum_{n=1}^{q-1} \frac{\cot\Big(\dfrac{\pi np}{q}\Big)\cot\Big(\dfrac{\pi n}{q}\Big)}{\sin^2\Big(\dfrac{\pi n}{q}\Big)} =\frac{(q^2-1)}{3}+16\sum_{n=1}^{q-1}\frac{\xi_n}{(\xi_n-1)^3(\xi_n^p-1)}, \] where \(p\) and \(q\geq 2\) are positive and coprime integers and \(\xi_n=e^{2\pi in/q}\).

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