Principal and nonprincipal solutions of impulsive dynamic equations: Leighton and Wong type oscillation theorems (Q6089342)

Principal and nonprincipal solutions of differential equations are frequently used to study solutions' asymptotic behavior and oscillation. In the present paper, the authors consider the nonlinear impulsive dynamic equation \[ \begin{cases} (a(t)x^{\Delta} )^{\Delta} +b(t)x^{\sigma}=f(t),& t\neq t_i,\\ {\Delta_0}x+a_ix=g_i,& t=t_i,\\ {\Delta_0}(a(t)x^{\Delta}) +b_ix^{\sigma}+c_i x^{\Delta} =h_i, &t=t_i, \end{cases}\tag{1} \] where \({\Delta_0}\varphi(t_i)\) measures the size of the jump \(\varphi(t_i+)-\varphi(t_i-)\) at \(t=t_i\) with \(\varphi(t_i\pm)=\lim_{t\to t_i\pm}\varphi(t)\), \(a>0, b, f\) belong to PLC\(_{rd}[t_0,\infty)_\mathbb{T}\), \(\{a_i\}\), \(\{b_i\}\), \(\{c_i\}\), \(\{g_{i}\}\) and \(\{h_{i}\}\), \(i\in\mathbb{N}\) are real sequences. The main contributions of the paper are the introduction of principal and non-principal solutions for impulsive dynamic equations, and the derivation of two renowned oscillation theorems for impulsive dynamic equations as applications, specifically the Leighton and Wong theorems, which have not been obtained so far, as the existence of nonprincipal solutions for discontinuous impulsive dynamics equations is unknown. The classical theorems of Leighton and Wong given for ordinary differential equations of the form \[ (a(t)x')'+b(t)x=0\tag{2} \] and \[ (a(t)x')'+b(t)x=f(t),\tag{3} \] are as follows: Theorem A (Leighton). If \[ \int_{t_0}^\infty \frac{1}{a(t)}\, \mathrm{d}t=\infty=\int_{t_0}^\infty b(t)\,\mathrm{d}t, \] then (2) is oscillatory. Theorem B (Wong). Let \(v\) be a nonprincipal solution of (2). If \[ \limsup_{t\to\infty} \mathcal H_0(t)=-\liminf_{t\to\infty} \mathcal H_0(t)=\infty, \] where \[ \mathcal H_0(t):=\int_{t_0}^t \frac{1}{a(s)v^{2}(s)}\int_{t_0} ^s f(\tau)v(\tau)\, \mathrm{d}\tau\mathrm{d}s, \] then (3) is oscillatory. By proving that the homogeneous impulsive dynamic equation \[ \begin{cases} (a(t)x^{\Delta})^{\Delta} +b(t)x^{\sigma}=0, &t\neq t_i,\\ {\Delta_0}x+a_ix=0, \quad {\Delta_0}(a(t)x^{\Delta}) +b_ix^{\sigma}+c_ix^{\Delta} =0, &t=t_i \end{cases}\tag{4} \] associated with (1) possesses principal and nonprincipal solutions, the authors obtain the following Leighton and Wong-type oscillation criteria: Theorem 1. Suppose (4) has a positive solution and \[ w_i=(1-a_i)(1-\frac{c_i}{a( t_i )})>0. \] If \[ \int_{t_0}^\infty \frac{\eta(s,t_0)}{a(s)}\, \Delta s=\limsup_{t\to\infty}\bigg[\int_{t_0}^t b(s)\eta_1(s,t_0) \,\Delta s+\sum_{i=\underline{n}(t_0)}^{\overline{n}(t)} \frac{b_i}{1-c_i/a(t_i)}\eta_1(t_i,t_0)\bigg]=\infty, \] where \[ \eta(t,s)=\prod_{i=\underline{n}(s)}^{\overline{n}(t)}w_i,\quad t\in[ s, \infty)_{\mathbb{T}}, \] and \[ \eta_1(t,s)=\prod_{i=\underline{n}(s)}^{\overline{n}(t)}\frac{(1-a_i)^2}{w_i^2},\quad t\in[ s, \infty)_{\mathbb{T}}, \] then equation (4) is oscillatory. \[ M_i=\frac{1}{w_i}\big(h_i(1-a_i)v(t_i)-g_i\big[(a(t_i)-c_i)v^{\Delta} (t_i)-b_iv^\sigma(t_i)\big]\big). \] Theorem 2. Let \(v\) be a nonprincipal solution of (4). If \[ \limsup_{t\to\infty} \mathcal H(t)=-\liminf_{t\to\infty} \mathcal H(t)=+\infty,\tag{5} \] where \[ \mathcal H(t):=\int_{t_0}^t \frac{1}{a(s)v(s)v^{\sigma}(s)}\bigg[\int_{t_0}^s \eta(s, \tau)f(\tau)v^\sigma(\tau)\,\Delta \tau +\sum_{i=\underline{n}(t_0)}^{\overline{n}(s)}\eta(s,t_i)M_i\bigg]\, \Delta s +\sum_{i=\underline{n}(t_0)}^{\overline{n}(t)}\frac{g_i}{(1-a_i)v(t_i)}, \] then equation (1) is oscillatory. This is the first study in the literature that addresses the principal and nonprincipal solutions for dynamic equations having impulses on both the solution and its derivative. The resulting oscillatory theorems provide easy-to-test criteria for guaranteeing that the equation is oscillatory when the nonprincipal solution is known. The paper also includes comprehensive examples supporting the theory, confirming the results with illustrative graphics. Specifically introduced examples where the impulse effect causes oscillation also make the article interesting.