A renorming characterisation of Banach spaces containing \(\ell_1 (\kappa)\) (Q6109907)

A Banach space \(X\) has an octahedral norm if, for every finite-dimensional subspace \(E\) of \(X\) and for every \(\varepsilon>0\), there is some \(x\in X\) with norm one such that \[ \|e+\lambda x\|\geq (1-\varepsilon)(\|e\|+|\lambda|) \] for every \(e\in E\) and \(\lambda\in \mathbb{R}\). In 1989, Godefroy proved that a Banach space contains an isomorphic copy of \(\ell_1\) if and only if the space admits an equivalent norm which is octahedral [\textit{G.~Godefroy}, Stud. Math. 95, No.~1, 1--15 (1989; Zbl 0698.46011)]. The authors prove the following uncountably infinite version of Godefroy's result: Let \(X\) be a Banach space and \(\kappa\) an uncountable cardinal. Then \(X\) contains an isomorphic copy of \(\ell_1(\kappa)\) if and only if there exists an equivalent renorming \(|||\cdot|||\) on \(X\) satisfying that, for every subspace \(Y\) of \(X\) with density less than \(\kappa\), there is a \(x\in S_X\) such that \[ |||y+\lambda x|||=|||y||| + |\lambda| \] for every \(y\in Y\) and \(\lambda\in \mathbb{R}\). This result improves the characterization obtained in [\textit{S.~Ciaci} et al., Isr. J. Math. 253, No.~1, 359--379 (2023; Zbl 1519.46010)].