Koenigs theorem and superintegrable Liouville metrics (Q6116822)

The author gives a complete classification of all two-dimensional strictly Riemannian metrics of Liouville type whose geodesic Hamiltonian admits three functionally independent first integrals all quadratic in the momenta, i.e., with geodesic flow quadratically superintegrable. The cases when one or two of the first integrals can be reduced to linear in the momenta ones are excluded. Liouville metrics are the two-dimensional metrics admitting complete integrals of the geodesic Hamilton-Jacobi equation additively separable in some coordinate system, hence admitting at least one first integral which is quadratic in the momentum and independent from the Hamiltonian: the Liouville first integral. First, the subcase of Koenigs metrics, the ones corresponding to surfaces of revolution, is considered and the Koenigs classification of quadratically superintegrable metrics is obtained by a direct proof. Then, the more general case of Liouville metrics is considered. All the possible solutions are obtained by searching for the most general quadratic first integral commuting with both the Hamiltonian and the Liouville quadratic first integral. The integration is performed by taking into account the fact that two of the components of the third first integral must be harmonically conjugate. Eight normal forms of the metric are determined, and the three-dimensional algebra of first integrals of each form is explicitly described. Coupling-constant metamorphosis, a transformation between Hamiltonian systems preserving integrability and superintegrability, is employed to recover some cases of quadratically superintegrable systems known in the literature.