The image of polynomials and Waring type problems on upper triangular matrix algebras (Q6169048)

Given throughout a polynomial \(p(x_1,\dots,x_n)\in K[F_n]\) in non-commuting variables, with \(p(\mathbf{0})=0\), over an algebraically closed field \(K\), the authors study the image \(p(T_m(K))\) of the upper triangular matrices. In this context a Waring type problem is also considered (for such matrices). The authors build on previous work in this area, among them \textit{A. Kanel-Belov} et al. [Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 140, No. 2, 465--478 (2012; Zbl 1241.16017); Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 144, No. 1, 7--19 (2016; Zbl 1373.16039); J. Pure Appl. Algebra 220, No. 6, 2164--2176 (2016; Zbl 1341.16019); SIGMA, Symmetry Integrability Geom. Methods Appl. 16, Paper 071, 61 p. (2020; Zbl 1459.16012)]. A few concepts are introduced to facilitate the results and their proofs. Such are the chain of algebras \(K=T_1(K)\subseteq T_2(K)\subseteq\dots\) by way of natural embeddings; order of a polynomial \(p\), ord\((p)=t\), if \(p\in Id(T_t(K))\setminus Id(T_{t+1}(K))\). A sample of the results is as follows: Proposition 5.3 Given \(p\in K[F_n]\) assume \(p(K)\neq 0\). Then \(p(T_m(K))\) is a Zariski dense subset of \(T_m(K)\). Proposition 5.4 Let \(p\in K[F_n]\); if ord(\(p\))\(=m-1\), then \(p(T_m(K))=T_m(K)^{(m-2)}\) (here \(T_m(K)^{(t)}\) denotes the set of matrices in \(T_m(K)\) with ij entries \(=0\) for \(j-i\leq t\)). Proposition 5.6 If \(1<\mathrm{ord}(p)=t<m-1\), then \(p(T_m(K))\subseteq T_m(K)^{(t-1)}\), with proper subset in general. Moreover, for every \(m\) and \(t\) there exists a \(d\) such that every element in \(T_m(K)^{(t-1)}\) may be written as the sum of \(d\) many elements in \(p(T_m(K))\).