Post-groups, (Lie-)Butcher groups and the Yang-Baxter equation (Q6198272)

In the paper under review, the authors introduce the notion of a \textit{post-group}, showing that instances of it appear naturally in various areas of mathematics, ranging from numerical integration to the Yang-Baxter equation. A post-group is a group \(G\) with an additional operation for which the left translations are automorphisms of the group, and a ``weighted'' associativity holds. With this data, one can obtain an additional group operation on \(G\), resulting in the so-called sub-adjacent group. In Section 1, the authors provide an introduction, giving an overview of the various topics touched upon in the paper. In Section 2, it is proved that every complex Butcher group (a group of suitable functions from the set of isomorphism classes of rooted trees to the complex numbers) and every \(\mathcal P\)-group attached to an operad \(\mathcal P\) (a collection of right modules over symmetric group algebras equipped with a suitable family of linear morphisms) are examples of sub-adjacent groups. In Section 3, the authors show that the category of post-groups is isomorphic to both the categories of braided groups and of skew braces, objects that received a considerable attention in the last few years. This naturally gives strong implications for the study of (set-theoretic) solutions of the Yang-Baxter equation, presented in the same section. In Section 4, a ``Lie'' perspective is assumed; the authors show that the differentiation of a post-Lie group (a post-group that is a Lie group with smooth multiplication) naturally yields a Post-Lie algebra, obtaining a functor from the category of post-Lie groups to the category of post-Lie algebras. In Section 5, the attention is focused on post-Hopf algebra; among the various results, the authors prove that each one of these objects naturally gives rise to a post-group, taking its group-like elements. This perspective is used to study formal integration of post-Lie algebras. We underline that in the introduction of the paper, a useful diagram is presented, which helps the reader to follow the relation between the various objects studied. This is particularly important as the notions involved may seem, in principle, quite distant from each other.