Characterizations of the canonical trace on full matrix algebras (Q6922008)

Let \(\mathbb{M}_n\) denote the \(*\)-algebra of \(n\times n\) matrices equipped with the Löwner order \(\geq \) on Hermitian matrices, and \(\mathbb{M}_n^+\) the cone of positive semidefinite matrices. A linear functional \(\varphi \) on \(\mathbb{M}_n\) is said to be positive if \(\varphi (A)\geq 0\) for all \(A\in \mathbb{M}_n^+\). For \(A\in \mathbb{M}_n\), the modulus of \(A\) is defined as \(|A|=\sqrt {A^*A}\in \mathbb{M}_n^+\). The canonical trace is denoted by tr.\N\NThe aim of this paper is to characterize canonical traces on full matrix algebras via\N\begin{itemize}\N\item [(i)] The implication \(\varphi (A)=\varphi (|A|)\Rightarrow A\geq 0\); or\N\item [(ii)] Yang's inequality \(\varphi (A^{1/2}BA^{1/2})^{1/2}\leq \varphi (A+B)/2\) for any \(A, B\in\mathbb{M}_n^+\).\N\end{itemize}\N\NThe following characterizations are obtained.\N\begin{itemize}\N\N\item Let \(\varphi \) be a nonzero positive linear functional on \(\mathbb{M}_n\) such that \[\varphi (A)=\varphi (|A|)\Rightarrow A\geq 0 \ \ \ \ \textrm { for every nonsigular } A\in \mathbb{M}_n.\] Then \(\varphi =k\,\textrm{tr}\) for some \(k>0\).\N\N\item For a positive linear functional \(\varphi \) on \(\mathbb{M}_n\) with \(\varphi (I)=n\), the following conditions are equivalent:\N\N(i) \(\varphi =\textrm{tr}\);\N\N(ii) \(\varphi (A^{1/2}BA^{1/2})^{1/2}\leq \varphi (A+B)/2\) for any \(A, B\in\mathbb{M}_n^+\).\N\N\end{itemize}