Binary quadratic forms with the same value set (Q6934091)

Let \(F=aX^2+bXY+cY^2 \in \mathbb{Z}[X,Y]\) be a binary quadratic form. The value set of \(F\) is defined by \(F (\mathbb{Z}^2)=\{ F(x,y) : (x,y ) \in \mathbb{Z}^2 \}\). Let \(G\) be another binary quadratic form. This paper under review concerns the condition for the equality \(F(\mathbb{Z}^2) = G (\mathbb{Z}^2)\) to be valid. If it is the case, let us call them value-equivalent. If they are \(\mathrm{GL}_2 (\mathbb{Z})\)-equivalent, then they are obviously value-equivalent. If \(F\) and \(G\) are positive definite, then the converse is almost true with only one exception of the Delone-Watson pair \(X^2 +XY +Y^2\) and \(X^2+3Y^2\), which are non-equivalent forms with the same value sets.\N\NThe authors develop a method to classify quadratic forms including indefinite one by value-equivalence and prove the following main theorem. A value-equivalence class of a primitive form \(F\) of discriminant \(d\) decomposes either one or two \(\mathrm{GL}_2 (\mathbb{Z})\)-equivalence classes and it decomposes into two classes if \(d\) satisfies \(d \equiv 5 \pmod{8}\) and \(h^+ (d) = h^+ (4d)\).