Non-integrability of the Sasano system of type \(D_5^{(1)}\) and Stokes phenomena (Q6996579)

As it is well known, the term ``integrability'' has many definitions, thus making a differential system either integrable or nonintegrable. In particular, two such definitions (Painlevé property, reducibilty to quadratures) have no correlation, in the sense that the four configurations exist (yes-yes, yes-no, no-yes, no-no). The proof by Galois groups of the nonexistence of first integrals of Painlevé equations has been established by \textit{J. J. Morales-Ruiz} [Sémin. Congr. 14, 229--235 (2006; Zbl 1140.37016)] on the P2 example for \(\alpha\) integer (thus ensuring the knowledge of a closed form particular solution, required for the proof). The particular Garnier system studied here is not different: it possesses (quite probably) the Painlevé property, quite probably also a transcendental general solution (as a Garnier system), and there exist numerical values of the parameters yielding a closed form particular solution. Therefore, the existence of rational first integrals would contradict the construction of Garnier, which is based on the confluence of singularities. However, the present proof of this nonexistence by Galois groups happens to be a real challenge, which requires all the expertise of the author to be achieved, yielding the final result after 13 pages, as Thm 3.11.