Dynamics of nonlinear systems with inelastic impacts (Q7004057)

In this paper, the authors consider the second-order nonlinear equation with damping and inelastic impacts of the form:\N\[\N\begin{cases} x''+f(x)x'+g(t,x)=0 &\text{ if } x(t)>0,\\\Nx'(t_0^+)=-\rho x'(t_0^-)&\text{ if } x(t_0)=0, \end{cases}\N\]\Nwhere \(0 < \rho < 1\), \(g(t, x)\) is Lipschitz continuous in the variable \(x\) and \(2\pi\)-periodic with respect to \(t\), with \(g(t, 0) = 0\), and \(f (x)\) is a continuous function. The technique followed for the study is the construction of an auxiliary continuous first-order system.\N\NTwo specific situations are considered. First, autonomous linear impact oscillators are analyzed, taking \(f (x) = \alpha\), and \(g(t, x) = \mu x,\) with \( 4\mu -\alpha^2 > 0\). The authors study, depending on the values of the parameters, the convergence to the origin, the periodicity, or the unbounded character of the solutions.\N\NThen, they consider the nonlinear system with inelastic impacts\N\[\N\begin{cases} x''+ \alpha x' + \mu x =-f(x) x'+p(t,x) &\text{ if } x(t)>0,\\\Nx'(t_0^+)=-\rho x'(t_0^-) &\text{ if } x(t_0)=0, \end{cases}\N\]\Nwhere \(\alpha,\) \(\mu\), and \(\rho\) are constants satisfying certain restrictions, and \( p(t, x)\) is Lipschitz continuous with respect to \(x\) and periodic in the variable \(t\), with \(p(t, 0) = 0\), and \(f : [0, +\infty) \to \mathbb{R}\) is continuous, both functions with some specific behavior in the limit. Under these circumstances, unbounded inelastic bouncing solutions are studied by means of an auxiliary problem, a generalized polar coordinate transformation, and some estimates for the associated Poincaré mapping.