Finite solvable groups whose prime graphs have diameter \(3\) (Q7005032)

The paper under review investigates finite solvable groups whose prime graph \(\Gamma(G)\), defined on the set \(\pi(G)\) of prime divisors of \(|G|\), has diameter three. Two distinct primes \(p, q \in \pi(G)\) are adjacent in \(\Gamma(G)\) if and only if \(G\) contains an element of order \(pq\). The structure of such graphs has been extensively studied, notably by \textit{J. S. Williams} [J. Algebra 69, 487--513 (1981; Zbl 0471.20013)] and \textit{M. S. Lucido} [J. Group Theory 2, No. 2, 157--172 (1999; Zbl 0921.20020); Boll. Unione Mat. Ital., Sez. B, Artic. Ric. Mat. (8) 5, No. 1, 131--148 (2002; Zbl 1097.20022)]. It is known that \(\Gamma(G)\) is disconnected if and only if \(G\) is a Frobenius or \(2\)-Frobenius group, in which case each connected component is complete. When connected, the diameter of \(\Gamma(G)\) is at most \(3\).\N\NThe main theorem provides a complete characterization of solvable groups \(G\) with \(\mathrm{Diam}(\Gamma(G)) = 3\). It shows that such \(G\) admit a decomposition \(\pi(G) = \{p\} \cup \mu \cup \nu \cup \{q\}\), with corresponding Hall and Sylow subgroups arranged in one of four possible group-theoretic configurations, involving Frobenius and \(2\)-Frobenius subgroups. These cases are exhaustive and exclude the disconnected case.\N\NSeveral corollaries are derived, notably that \(2 \leq \ell_F(G) \leq 4\), where \(\ell_F(G)\) denotes the Fitting height of \(G\) and that if \(\ell_F(G) = 4\), then \(G\) admits a normal subgroup \(N\) of odd order such that \(G/N \cong \mathrm{UI}(48)\), a non-split extension of \(\mathrm{Sym}_4\) by \(Q_8\). The analysis combines order constraints on elements with structural properties of Hall and Sylow subgroups under fixed-point-free actions.