Infiniteness of zero modes for the Pauli operator with singular magnetic field (Q820074)

Let us identify \(\mathbb{R}^2=\{x=(x_1,x_2)\}\) with \({\mathfrak C}=\{z=x_1+ix_2\}\), and give \(\overline\partial=(\partial_1+i \partial_2)/2\), \(\partial=(\partial_1-i\partial_2)/2\), \(\partial_j=\partial_{x_j}\). Introducing \(Q_\pm=(-i\partial_1+ A_1) \pm(-i\partial_2+A_2)\), the authors define the Pauli operator \(P\) as \(P \psi =P\cdot^t(\psi_+,\psi_-)=^t(P_+\psi_+,P_-\psi_-)=^t(Q_-Q_+ \psi_+,Q_+Q_-\psi_-)\). The magnetic field \(B=\text{curl}\,A=\partial_1 A_2-\partial_2A_1\) is represented by a Borel signed measure \(\mu\) having a scalar potential \(\Psi(x)\): \(\Delta\Psi =\mu\). They treat \(\mu_{\text{disc}}=2\pi\sum_{\lambda\in\Lambda} \alpha_\lambda \delta(x-\lambda)\): sum of the \(AB\) solenoids with flux \(2\pi \alpha_\lambda\). They define two Pauli operators: \(P_{\text{EV}}\) given by gauge transforms, and \(P_{\max}\) with quadratic form \[ p_{\max}[\psi]=(P_{\max}\psi, \psi)=4\int|\overline\partial_\Lambda (e^{-\Psi}\psi_+)|^2e^{2\Psi}\,dx+4\int| \partial_\Lambda(e^\Psi\psi_-) |^2e^{-2\Psi}\,dx, \] where \(\overline \partial_\Lambda\), \(\partial_\Lambda\) are derivatives in the sense of \({\mathcal D}'(R^2-\Lambda)\). \(\text{Ker}(\mathbb{R}^2-\Lambda)\). \(\text{Ker}(P_{\text{EV}}) \subset\text{Ker}(P_{\max})\) holds, and zero modes for \(P_{\text{EV}}\), \(P_{\max}\) are given by the analytical \(f_+=e^{-\Psi}\psi_+\) and the anti-analytical \(f_-=e^\Psi\psi_-\). One of their Results: If \(\mu_{\text{conti}}= \nu_+-\nu_-\) and \(\theta_0\geq \nu_\pm(D(z,R_0))\geq A_0>0\) holds, \(P_{\pm,\max}\) have an infinite-dimensional null subspaces, and possess a spectral gap.