Fractional Paley-Wiener and Bernstein spaces (Q820789)

This long and interesting paper regarding some classes of entire functions is part of a series of papers by \textit{N. Arcozzi} and the authors [J. Fourier Anal. Appl. 25, No. 4, 1958--1986 (2019; Zbl 1422.32008)] and the authors [J. Funct. Anal. 282, No. 6, Article ID 109377, 33 p. (2022; Zbl 1487.32010); Ann. Mat. Pura Appl. (4) 199, No. 6, 2243--2261 (2020; Zbl 1473.46043); Collect. Math. 72, No. 3, 615--643 (2021; Zbl 07402001)]. In the present paper the authors introduce \textit{fractional Paley-Wiener spaces\/} and \textit{fractional Bernstein spaces\/}, thus generalizing the \textit{classical\/} versions of the same spaces. At the base of this work is of course the classical Paley-Wiener theorem [\textit{R. E. A. C. Paley} and \textit{N. Wiener}, Fourier transforms in the complex domain. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society (AMS) (1934; Zbl 0011.01601), p.\ 13, Theorem X]. The \textit{classical Bernstein space\/} \(\mathcal{B}_a^p\) is defined, for \(1<p<\infty\) and \(a>0\), as the class of the entire functions \(f\) of exponential type \(a\) such that \(f_0:=f|_{\mathbb R}\in L^p\) equipped with the norm \(\|f\|_{\mathcal{B}_a^p}:=\|f_0\|_{L^p}\) The definition of the \textit{fractional\/} Bernstein spaces proceeds then by means of the \textit{fractional Laplace operator\/} as \(\Delta^{s/2}\) over the class of the Schwartz functions \(\mathcal{S}\) on \(\mathbb R\): for a given \(s>0\) and a function \(f\in\mathcal{S}\), this operator is defined as \(\Delta^{s/2}f := \mathcal{F}^{-1} \big(\,|\cdot|^s\,\mathcal{F} f\,\big)\), where \(\mathcal{F}\) is the unidimensional Fourier transform. The authors also introduce the norm \(\|f\|_{s,p}:= \left\| \Delta^{s/2}f \right\|_{L^p}\) on \(\mathcal{S}\) and define the \textit{homogeneous\/} Sobolev space \(\dot{W}{}^{s,p}\) as the closure of \(\mathcal{S}\) with respect to the norm \(\|\cdot\|_{s,p}\)\,, namely, \(\dot{W}{}^{s,p}:= \overline{\mathcal{S}}^{\|\cdot\|_{s,p}}\), \(s>0\) and \(1<p<\infty\). The authors proved in [Zbl 1473.46043] that \(f\in\dot{W}{}^{s,p}\subseteq\mathcal{S}'/\mathcal{P}_m\) where \(\mathcal{S}'\) is the space of tempered distributions and \(\mathcal{P}_m\) is the set of polynomials of degree at most \(m=\left\lfloor{s-1/p}\right\rfloor\). To avoid working in the quotient space \(\mathcal{S}'/\mathcal{P}_m\) the authors introduce the notion of a \textit{realization space\/}, namely: a subspace \(E\subset\mathcal{S}'\) is a realization space of a Banach subspace \(\dot{X}\) of \(\mathcal{S}'/\mathcal{P}_m\) iff the natural inclusion is continuous and there exists a bijective linear map \(R:\dot{X}\to E\) such that for every equivalence class \([u]\in\dot{X}\) the equality \(\big[R[u]\big]=[u]\) holds. The space \(E\) is endowed with the norm \(\left\|R[u]\right\|_E:=\left\|[u]\right\|_{\dot{X}}\)\,. In [Ann. Mat. Pura Appl. (4) 199, No. 6, 2243--2261 (2020; Zbl 1473.46043)] the authors determine the realization space \(E^{s,p}\) of \(\dot{W}{}^{s,p}\subseteq\mathcal{S}'/\mathcal{P}_m\) for \(p\in(1,+\infty)\) and \(m=\left\lfloor{s-1/p}\right\rfloor\) in the two cases \(0<s<1/p\) and \(s-1/p\not\in\mathbb N_0\). \(\|\Delta^{s/2}f\|_{L^p}\) turns out to be a norm on \(E^{s,p}\) which is denoted by \(\|\cdot\|_{E^{s,p}}\)\,. Then, the \textit{fractional Bernstein space\/} \(\mathcal{B}_a^{s,p}\), for \(a,s>0\), \(1<p<\infty\) and \(s-1/p\not\in\mathbb N_0\), is defined as the set of all entire functions \(f\) of exponential type \(a>0\) such that \(f_0\in E^{s,p}\). This space is equipped with the norm \(\|f\|_{\mathcal{B}_a^{s,p}}:=\|f_0\|_{E^{s,p}}\). The authors define the \textit{fractional Paley-Wiener space\/} \(\mathrm{PW}_a^s\) as the fractional Bernstein spaces \(\mathcal{B}_a^{s,p}\) for the particular case \(p=2\), i.e., \(\mathrm{PW}_a^s:=\mathcal{B}_a^{s,2}\). The paper is restricted to the parameter values given in the preceding definition. However the authors point out that the case \(s-1/p\in\mathbb N_0\) remains open and should be of considerable interest. The paper contains five main results (Theorems 1 to 5); the following two are representative for them. (a) A Paley-Wiener type theorem. Theorem 1. If \(0<s<1/2\) and \(f\in \mathrm{PW}_a^s\) and \(f_0:=f|_{\mathbb R}\), then \(\mathrm{supp}{\widehat{f_0}}\subseteq [-a,a]\), \(\widehat{f_0}\in L_a^2(|\xi|^{2s})\) (i.e., \(\int_{-a}^a |\widehat{f_0}(\xi)|^2 |\xi|^{2s} d\xi<\infty\)), \(f=\mathcal{F}^{-1}\widehat{f_0}\), and \(\|f\|_{\mathrm{PW}_a^s}=\|\widehat{f_0}\|_{L_a^2(|\xi|^{2s})}\)\,. Conversely, if \(g\in L_a^2(|\xi|^{2s})\) and \(f=\mathcal{F}^{-1}=g\), then \(f\in \mathrm{PW}_a^s\), \(\widehat{f_0}\,g\) and \(\|f\|_{\mathrm{PW}_a^s}=\|g\|_{L_a^2(|\xi|^{2s})}\). Theorem 1 says, in particular, that for \(0<s<1/2\) the Fourier transform \(\mathcal{F}:\mathrm{PW}_a^ss\to L_a^2(|\xi|^{2s})\) is a surjective isomorphism, as in the case \(s=0\)\,. Theorem 1 is then extended to the space \(\mathcal{D}_c'\) of distributions with compact support, which is the dual of \(C^\infty\) (Theorem 2). (b) A result on fractional Bernstein spaces \(\mathcal{B}_a^{s,p}\). Theorem 3. Let \(s>0\) and \(1<p<\infty\) be such that \(s-1/p\not\in\mathbb N\). Then the spaces \(\mathcal{B}_a^{s,p}\) are Banach spaces. For \(f\in\mathcal{B}_a^{s,p}\) and \(y\in\mathbb R\), let \(F(w)=f(w+iy)-P_{(\cdot+iy);m;0}(w)\), \(w\in\mathbb C\). Then \(\|f(\cdot+iy)\|_{\mathcal{B}_a^{s,p}}\) and \(\|F\|_{\mathcal{B}_a^{s,p}}\) are both bounded above by \(e^{a|y|}\|f\|_{\mathcal{B}_a^{s,p}}\) (Plancherel-Pólya estimates). In Section 3, Theorems 1 and 2 are proved. It is also shown here that the spaces \(\mathrm{PW}_a^s\) are \textit{reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces\/} in the two cases \(0<s<1/2\) and \(s>1/2\) with \(s-1/2\not\in\mathbb N\), and the reproducing kernels for these two cases are computed (Corollaries 3.2 and 3.6). Section 3 concludes with a proof of the fact that the fractional Laplacian \(\Delta^{s/2}\) induces a surjective isometry of the \textit{fractional\/} Paley-Wiener space \(\mathrm{PW}_a^s\) onto the \textit{classical\/} one \(\mathrm{PW}_s\) (Theorem 3.8). In Section 4, it is shown that the fractional Bernstein spaces \(\mathcal{B}_a^{s,p}\) are isometric to the classical Bernstein space \(\mathcal{B}_a^p\). More precisely, for \(s-1/p\not\in\mathbb N_0\) the operator \(\Delta^{s/2}\) is a surjective isometry of \(\mathcal{B}_a^{s,p}\) onto \(\mathcal{B}_a^p\) (Theorem 4.2). An interesting consequence is Corollary 4.3: For \(s>0\), \(1<p<\infty\) and \(s-1/p\not\in\mathbb N_0\), norm convergence in \(\mathcal{B}_a^{s,p}\) implies uniform convergence on compact subsets of \(\mathbb C\). Section 5 is devoted to reconstruction and sampling in the fractional Paley-Wiener spaces \(\mathrm{PW}^s\), a theme which can be considered as an extension of some classical results in signal processing. Orthonormal bases for \(\mathrm{PW}_a^s\), both for \(0<s<1/2\) and for \(s>1/2\), \(s-1/2\not\in\mathbb N_0\), are given, together with the orthogonal expansions of the functions \(f\in \mathrm{PW}_a^s\). \[f(z)=\sum_{n\in\mathbb Z} \Delta^{s/2}f(n\pi/a)\,\psi(z-n\pi/a)\,,\] where \[\psi(z-n\pi/a)=\frac12\,(a\pi)^{-1/2}\int_a^a e^{i\xi n\pi/a}\,e^{i\xi z}\,|\xi|^{-s}\,d\xi\] and the series converges in norm and uniformly on the compact subsets of \(\mathbb C\). In Section 6 the authors observe that \(\mathrm{PW}_a^s\) is a closed subspace of the Hilbert space \(E^{s,a}\) and hence the projection operators \(\mathbf{P}_s:E^{s,2}\to \mathrm{PW}_a^s\) are available. Assuming \(s>0\), \(1<p<\infty\), \(s-1/2\not\in\mathbb N_0\), \(s-1/p\not\in\mathbb N_0\) and \(\left\lfloor{s-1/2}\right\rfloor=\left\lfloor{s-1/p}\right\rfloor\), the authors prove that the operator \(\mathbf{P}_s\), densely defined on \(E^{s,p}\cap E^{s,2}\), extends to a bounded operator \(\mathbf{P}_s:E^{s,p}\to \mathcal{B}_a^{s,p}\) (Theorem 5). Section 7 is devoted to prove a density Lemma 4.1 which is important for the proof of Theorem 4.2. The paper concludes in Section 8 with several interesting open questions. The most obvious refers to the cases \(s-1/p\in\mathbb N_0\), which correspond to the critical cases in Sobolev's embedding theorem. Another one concerns the boundedness of the orthogonal projection \(\mathbf{P}_s:E^{s,p}\to\mathcal{B}_a^{s,p}\) in the cases \(s-1/p\in\mathbb N_0\). The authors observe that the Payley-Wiener spaces are a special instance of \textit{de Branges spaces\/}, introduced by de Branges in connection with the analysis of \textit{canonical systems\/} [\textit{L. de Branges}, Hilbert spaces of entire functions. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall (1968; Zbl 0157.43301); \textit{R. Romanov}, ``Canonical systems and de Branges spaces'', Preprint, \url{arXiv:1408.6022}], and mention that it would be interesting to determine whether the fractional Paley-Wiener spaces \(\mathrm{PW}_a^s\) also arise as the solution of a \textit{canonical system\/} defined in terms of fractional derivatives.