Maximal inequalities for dual Sobolev spaces \(W^{-1,p}\) and applications to interpolation (Q971475)

By the Hardy-Littlewood maximal theorem, one knows that \[ \| M_s f \|_{L^p({\mathbb R})^n} \approx \| f \|_{L^p({\mathbb R})^n} \text{ for } 1 \leq s < p \leq \infty, \] where \( M_s f(x) := \sup_{Q: ball; Q \ni x} \Big( \frac{1}{| Q |} \int_Q | f(y) |^s dy \Big)^{1/s}. \) One also knows a Sobolev version of this result: \[ \| M_{S,s} f \|_{L^p({\mathbb R})^n} \approx \| f \|_{W^{1,p}({\mathbb R})^n} \quad for \quad 1 \leq s < p \leq \infty, \] where \( M_{S,s} f(x) := \sup_{Q: ball; Q \ni x} \frac{1}{| Q |^{1/s}} \| f \|_{W^{1,s}(Q)}. \) The author proves that a similar result holds for \(W^{-1,p}\) on a doubling Riemannian manifold under some restrictions on \(p\). As an application, the author obtains the following interpolation theorem for Sobolev spaces. Let \(M\) be a doubling Riemannian manifold satisfying a reverse Riesz inequality: \[ \| (1 + \Delta )^{1/2} (f) \|_{L^r(M)} \lesssim \| f \|_{W^{1,r}(M)}, \] for \(1<r<2\). Then \[ ( W^{1,p_0}, W^{1,2})_{\theta,p_{\theta}} = W^{1, p_{\theta}}, \] where \(1/p_{\theta} = (1-\theta)/p_0 + \theta/2 < 1/r\) and \(1<p_0 <2 \). \textit{N.\,Badr} [Math.\ Scand.\ 105, No.\,2, 235--264 (2009; Zbl 1192.46018)] obtained a similar interpolation theorem on a manifold satisfying the Poincaré inequality which is a stronger condition than the reverse Riesz inequality.