Transfer of energy to high frequencies in the cubic defocusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation (Q977167)

The authors treat the nonlinear Schrödinger equation: \(-i\partial_t u+\Delta u=|u|^2\), \(u(0,x)= u_0(x)\); \(x\in\mathbb{T}^2= \mathbb{R}^2/(2\pi\mathbb{Z})^2\), (torus). Two conservation laws for the solutions \(u\) of the Schrödinger equation hold: \[ E[u](t):=\int_{\mathbb{T}^2}(2^{-1}|\nabla u|^2+ 4^{-1}|u|^4)\,dx(t)= E[u](0) \] and \[ \int_{\mathbb{T}^2}|u|^2 \,dx(t)= \int_{\mathbb{T}^2}|u|^2\,dx(0), \] for all \(t> 0\). The Sobolev norms \[ \| u(t)\|_{H^s(\mathbb{T}^2)}:= \Biggl(\sum_{n\in \mathbb{Z}^2} \langle n\rangle^s|\widehat u(t, n)|\Biggr)^{1/2} \] are used, where \(\langle n\rangle:= (1+|n|^2)^{1/2}\), and \[ \widehat u(t,n) := \int_{\mathbb{T}^2}u(t,x)\exp(- in\cdot x)\,dx. \] Theorem. Let \(s> 1\), \(K\gg 1\), and \(0<\delta\ll 1\). There exists a global smooth solution \(u(t,x)\) of the Schrödinger equation, and a time \(T> 0\) with \(\| u_0\|_{H^s}\leq\delta\), and \(\| u(T)\|_{H^s}\geq K\). That is, \(H^s\) instability of the map \(u_0 \mapsto u\), \[ \inf_{\delta> 0} \Biggl(\limsup_{|t|\to\infty} \Biggl[\sup_{\| u_0\| H^s\leq\delta}\| u(t)\|_{H^s}\Biggr]\Biggr)= \infty, \] holds. The arguments used in the proof are: {\parindent=8mm \begin{itemize}\item[(I)] Let \(v(t,x):= \exp(iGt)u(t,x)= \sum_{n\in\mathbb{Z}^2} a_n(t)\exp\{i(n\cdot x+|n|^2 t)\}\). Then \[ -i\partial_t a_n= Ga_n+ \sum_{n_1- n_2- n} a_{n_1}\overline a_{n_3}\exp\{i\omega_4 t\}, \] where \(\omega_1= |n_1|^2- |n_2|^2+ |n_3|^2- |n|^2\). \item[(II)] By choosing \(G=-2\| u(t)\|_{L^2(\mathbb{T}^2)}\), \[ -i\partial_t a_n= -a_n|a_n|^2+ \sum_{n_1,n_2,n_3\in\Gamma(n)} a_{n_1}\overline a_{n_2} a_{n_3} \exp(i\omega_4 t), \tag{FNLS} \] is derived, \(\Gamma(n)= \{(n_1,n_2,n_3)\in (\mathbb{Z}^2)^3: n_1- n_2+ n_3= n\), \(n_1\neq n\), \(n_3\neq n\}\). \item[(III)] By using \(\Gamma_{\text{res}}(n)= \{(n_1, n_2, n_3)\in\Gamma(n): \omega_4=0\}\), the authors give resonant truncation of the FNLS, and use arguments related to the set of frequencies: \(\Lambda\subset\mathbb{Z}^2\). \end{itemize}}