Local limit theorems for free groups
free groupsfundamental groupshyperbolic groupsprobability distributionsstrong Markov propertysubshifts of finite type
Free nonabelian groups (20E05) Geometric group theory (20F65) Hyperbolic groups and nonpositively curved groups (20F67) Probabilistic methods in group theory (20P05) Symbolic dynamics (37B10) Thermodynamic formalism, variational principles, equilibrium states for dynamical systems (37D35) Fundamental group, presentations, free differential calculus (57M05)
Let \(G\) be the free group on \(k\geq 2\) generators. For \(g\in G\), let \(|g|\) be its word length and \([g]\in\mathbb{Z}^k\) its image under the Abelianization map \(G\to\mathbb{Z}^k\). Let \(W(n)=\{g\in G:|g|=n\}\) and, for fixed \(\alpha=(\alpha_1,\dots,\alpha_k)\in\mathbb{Z}^k\), let \(W(n,\alpha)=\{g\in W(n):[g]=\alpha\}\). This paper is about the distribution of the elements of \(W(n)\) over \(\mathbb{Z}^k\) and the dependence of \(|W(n,\alpha)|\) on \(\alpha\) as well as on \(n\). The approach is to regard \(|W(n,\alpha)|/|W(n)|\) as a probability distribution on \(\mathbb{Z}^k\) and to study the asymptotic behavior as \(n\to\infty\). Since one of \(|W(n,\alpha)|\) or \(|W(n+1,\alpha)|\) is zero depending on the parity of \(\alpha_1+\cdots+\alpha_k\), it is reasonable to consider the quantity \(Q(n,\alpha)=|W(n,\alpha)|/|W(n)|+|W(n+1,\alpha)|/|W(n+1)|\). The main result is a local limit theorem: \[ \lim_{n\to\infty}\left|\sigma^kn^{k/2}Q(n,\alpha)-\frac 2{(2\pi)^{k/2}}e^{-\|\alpha\|^2/2\sigma^2n}\right|=0, \] uniformly in \(\alpha\) where \(\sigma^2\) is an appropriate variance depending on \(k\). The theorem is obtained by using subshifts of finite type and proving a similar theorem for certain maps \(X_A\to\mathbb{Z}^k\) (where \(X_A\) is the shift space) playing the role of the Abelianization map. A related result for fundamental groups of compact surfaces of genus \(\geq 2\) is also obtained.
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