Metrics on state spaces

Publication date 23 November 1999

Published in Documenta Mathematica (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/math/9906151, https://eudml.org/doc/229671, http://www.emis.de/journals/DMJDMV/vol-04/17.html

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zbMATH Keywords

Dirac operators Lipschitz seminorms metrics on state spaces non-commutative case

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Noncommutative topology (46L85) Noncommutative geometry (à la Connes) (58B34) Convergence of probability measures (60B10)

Abstract: In contrast to the usual Lipschitz seminorms associated to ordinary metrics on compact spaces, we show by examples that Lipschitz seminorms on possibly non-commutative compact spaces are usually not determined by the restriction of the metric they define on the state space, to the extreme points of the state space. We characterize the Lipschitz norms which are determined by their metric on the whole state space as being those which are lower semicontinuous. We show that their domain of Lipschitz elements can be enlarged so as to form a dual Banach space, which generalizes the situation for ordinary Lipschitz seminorms. We give a characterization of the metrics on state spaces which come from Lipschitz seminorms. The natural (broader) setting for these results is provided by the ``function spaces of Kadison. A variety of methods for constructing Lipschitz seminorms is indicated.

Review text

In this fundamental paper the author extends the characterization of the metrics on a compact space by Lipschitz seminorms to the non-commutative setting. Recall that a metric \(\rho\) on a compact space \(X\) can be recovered from the Lipschitz seminorm \(L_\rho(f)=\sup\{|f(x)-f(y)|/\rho(x,y): x\neq y\}\) by \[ \rho(x,y)=\sup\{|f(x)-f(y)|: L_\rho(f)\leq 1\}=\sup\{|\delta_x(f)-\delta_y(f)|: L_\rho(f)\leq 1\}. \] Replacing the Dirac measures by probability measures the latter relation can be extended to the state space \(S(X)\) of the \(C^\ast\)-algebra \(C(X)\). In fact, \(L_\rho\) is determined by the restriction of this extension to the set of extreme points of \(S(X)\). In the non-commutative case the author shows that a Lipschitz seminorm \(L\) on the unital \(C^\ast\)-algebra \({\mathcal A}\) is determined by a corresponding metric \(\rho\) on the state space \(S({\mathcal A})\) iff \(L\) is lower semicontinuous in some sense. He also characterizes the metrics on \(S({\mathcal A})\) which come from Lipschitz seminorms and exhibits the predual whose dual Banach space gives the Lipschitz ``functions with respect to a given Lipschitz seminorm. Another motivation for the correspondence of metrics and Lipschitz seminorms comes from its close connection with Dirac operators. It has first been suggested by A. Connes that \(L(a)=\|[D,a]\|\), \(a\in {\mathcal A}\), defines a Lipschitz seminorm given a representation of \({\mathcal A}\) on a Hilbert space \(H\) and a Dirac operator \(D\) on \(H\). The author also addresses to this Dirac picture and to several open problems that occur even in the finite dimensional case.

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