Modular operads

DOI10.1023/A:1000245600345MaRDI QIDQ4378066zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors E. Getzler, Mikhail Kapranov

Publication date 13 August 1998

Published in Compositio Mathematica (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/dg-ga/9408003

zbMATH Keywords

bar-constructionEuler characteristicsFeynman diagramFeynman transformsgraphmodular operadsmoduli spaces of curvesoperadsymmetric function

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Relational systems, laws of composition (08A02) Families, moduli of curves (algebraic) (14H10) Monads (= standard construction, triple or triad), algebras for monads, homology and derived functors for monads (18C15)

Abstract: Modular operads are a special type of operad: in fact, they bear the same relationship to operads that graphs do to trees (i.e. simply connected graphs). One of the basic examples of a modular operad is the collection of Deligne-Mumford-Knudsen moduli spaces $$ of stable pointed algebraic curves; hence the word ``modular. In this paper, we introduce various constructions on differential graded modular operads, notably a duality which we call the Feynman transform, which extends Kontsevich's graph complexes. Our main result is the calculation of the Euler characteristic of the Feynman transform of a modular operad, using the theory of symmetric functions: the result is a generalization of Wick's theorem for Gaussian integrals.

Review text

There has been recently a renewal of the theory of operads motivated by the study of moduli spaces of curves [\textit{V. Ginzburg} and \textit{M. Kapranov}, ``Koszul duality for operads, Duke Math. J. 76, No. 1, 203-272 (1994; Zbl 0855.18006)]. In fact, the operadic formalism is closely related to curves of genus 0. The authors introduce in this paper a higher genus analogue of the theory of operads. The resulting objects are called modular operads; their definition relies on the combinatorics of graphs in the same way as the definition of usual operads relies on the combinatorics of trees. Modular operads are then studied systematically and various examples coming from the theory of moduli spaces of curves are given. The bar construction is one of the key tools in the theory of operads. An analogous functor, the Feynman transform, is constructed on the category of dg-modular operads, which generalizes Kontsevich's graph complexes [\textit{M. Kontsevich}, ``Formal (non)-commutative symplectic geometry, in: The Gelfand mathematics seminars, 1990-1992 , 173-187 (1993; Zbl 0821.58018)]. Using the theory of symmetric functions, the (Euler) characteristics of cyclic and modular operads are defined and studied [for what concerns cyclic operads, see \textit{E. Getzler} and \textit{M. Kapranov}, ``Cyclic operads and cyclic homology, in: Geometry, topology and physics for Raoul Bott, Conf. Proc. Lect. Notes Geom. Topol. 4, 167-201 (1995; Zbl 0883.18013)]. For such purposes, powerful analogues of the Legendre and Fourier transforms are introduced in the setting of symmetric functions. Euler characteristics of Feynman transforms are then calculated. This calculation is closely related to Wick's theorem and to the computation by Harer-Zagier and Kontsevich of the Euler characteristics of moduli spaces [\textit{M. Kontsevich}, ``Intersection theory on moduli spaces of curves and the matrix Airy function, Commun. Math. Phys. 147, No. 1, 1-23 (1992; Zbl 0756.35081)].

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