Modularity lifting beyond the Taylor-Wiles method
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Abstract: We prove new modularity lifting theorems for p-adic Galois representations in situations where the methods of Wiles and Taylor--Wiles do not apply. Previous generalizations of these methods have been restricted to situations where the automorphic forms in question contribute to a single degree of cohomology. In practice, this imposes several restrictions -- one must be in a Shimura variety setting and the automorphic forms must be of regular weight at infinity. In this paper, we essentially show how to remove these restrictions. Our most general result is a modularity lifting theorem which, on the automorphic side applies to automorphic forms on the group GL(n) over a general number field; it is contingent on a conjecture which, in particular, predicts the existence of Galois representations associated to torsion classes in the cohomology of the associated locally symmetric space. We show that if this conjecture holds, then our main theorem implies the following: if E is an elliptic curve over an arbitrary number field, then E is potentially automorphic and satisfies the Sato--Tate conjecture. In addition, we also prove some unconditional results. For example, in the setting of GL(2) over Q, we identify certain minimal global deformation rings with the Hecke algebras acting on spaces of p-adic Katz modular forms of weight one. Such algebras may well contain p-torsion. Moreover, we also completely solved the problem (for p odd) of determining the multiplicity of an irreducible modular representation rhobar in the Jacobian J_1(N), where N is the minimal level such that rhobar arises in weight two.
This paper establishes a framework for new modularity lifting theorems for \(p\)-adic representations of a general number field \(F\) which go beyond those developed in the totally real case. In particular, it breaks the natural barrier when the automorphic forms in question arise from the middle degree cohomology of Shimura varieties and have distinct Hodge-Tate weights for all \(v \mid p\). This is achieved by showing there is enough torsion in cohomology groups to account for the missing automorphic forms so that all Galois representations of interest are modular. Assuming their Conjecture B (Section 9.3) on the existence Galois representations in appropriate degrees satisfying expected properties, it is shown that any elliptic curve over a general number field is potentially modular and satisfies the Sato-Tate conjecture (Theorem 1.1). Assuming their Conjecture A (Section 5.3) on the existence of Galois representations for arithmetic lattices in \(\text{GL}_2(\mathcal O_F)\) where \(F\) is an imaginary quadratic field, a modularity lifting theorem is proven (Theorem 1.3) over \(F\). Conjecture A may be more tractable given Scholze's work in [\textit{P. Scholze}, Ann. Math. (2) 182, No. 3, 945--1066 (2015; Zbl 1345.14031)] which attaches Galois representations to torsion classes in a wide range of situations. Other related unconditional results are also proven. For instance, a complete determination of the multiplicity of an irreducible modular residual representation in the Jacobian \(J_1(N)\) is given, where \(N\) is the minimal level in weight two of the representation. Also, certain minimal global deformations rings are identified for \(\text{GL}(2)\) over \(\mathbb{Q}\) with Hecke algebras acting on spaces of \(p\)-adic Katz modular forms of weight \(1\).
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