Multiple orthogonal polynomials of two real variables
As an extension of Type I and Type II multiple orthogonal polynomials in one variable as well as the characterization of its existence in terms of the non-singularity of a block matrix of moments, see Section 23.1 in [\textit{M. E. H. Ismail}, Classical and quantum orthogonal polynomials in one variable. With two chapters by Walter Van Assche. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (2005; Zbl 1082.42016)], in the paper under review definitions of bivariate Type I and Type II multiple orthogonal polynomials are introduced for a vector of measures \((\mu_{1}, \cdots, \mu_{r})\) supported on a subset of \(\mathbb{R}^{2}\) and a multi-index \(\overrightarrow{n}= (n_{1}, \cdots, n_{r}).\)\N\NThe existence of a unique bivariate Type I multiple polynomial vector with multi-index \(\overrightarrow{n}= (n_{1}, \cdots, n_{r})\) is equivalent to the existence of a unique bivariate Type II multiple orthogonal polynomial with multi-index \(\overrightarrow{n}= (n_{1}, \cdots, n_{r})\) and this is equivalent to the non singularity of a block matrix \(M_{\overrightarrow{n}} = ( M^{(1)} _{n_{1}} | \cdots | M^{(r)}_{n_{r}}),\) where the \((k, l)\) entry of \(M^{(j)}_{n_{j}}\) is \(m^{(j)}_{\pi^{-1}(k)+ \pi^{-1} (l)}.\) Here \(m^{(j)}_{(t,s)}= \int_{\mathbb{R}^2} x^{t}y^{s} d\mu_{j}(x,y), 1\leq j \leq r, \) and \(\pi\) is the Cantor pairing function, a bijective mapping from \(\mathbb{N}^{2}\) to \(\mathbb{N}\) given by \(\pi (m,n)= n + \frac{1}{2} (m+n)(m+n+1).\) An illustrative example is given when \(r=3\) for a vector of measures supported on a triangle \(\Omega= \{(x,y) \in \mathbb{R}^2, 0 \leq x \leq 1, 0 \leq y \leq 1-x \}\) given in Section 2.4 of the monograph [\textit{C. F. Dunkl} and \textit{Y. Xu}, Orthogonal polynomials of several variables. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (2014; Zbl 1317.33001)].\N\NAs in the one variable case, given a system of \(r\) bi-dimensional measures \((\mu_{1}, \cdots, \mu_{r})\) and a multi-index \(\overrightarrow{n}= (n_{1}, \cdots, n_{r})\) if there exists a bivariate Type II polynomial for such a multi-index, then it is said to be normal. When every multi-index is normal, then the system of \(r\) measures is said to be perfect.\N\NBy using a notation of polynomial vectors, an interpretation of bivariate Type I and Type II multiple orthogonal polynomials is given. Some illustrative examples are shown.\N\NIn a next step, some results of the univariate case are extended to the bivariate context. In particular, the bi-orthogonality relation for the bivariate Type II multiple orthogonal polynomials and the bivariate Type I function is proved. Finally, in both cases, the nearest neighbour recurrence relations are deduced.\N\NNotice that in [\textit{G. Ariznabarreta} and \textit{M. Mañas}, Physica D 434, Article ID 133202, 17 p. (2022; Zbl 1498.37103)], multivariate generalization of bi-orthogonal polynomials and related multi-component Toda hierarchies are analyzed.
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