Electrostatic partners and zeros of orthogonal and multiple orthogonal polynomials

DOI10.1007/S00365-022-09609-XMaRDI QIDQ6076969zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Andrei Martínez Finkelshtein, Ramón Orive, Joaquin F. Sánchez Lara

Publication date 17 October 2023

Published in Constructive Approximation (Search for Journal in Brave)

Copyright license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.01419

zbMATH Keywords

equilibriumzerosmultiple orthogonal polynomialsorthogonal polynomialslinear differential equationselectrostatic model

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Zeros of polynomials, rational functions, and other analytic functions of one complex variable (e.g., zeros of functions with bounded Dirichlet integral) (30C15) Orthogonal polynomials and functions of hypergeometric type (Jacobi, Laguerre, Hermite, Askey scheme, etc.) (33C45) Potentials and capacity, harmonic measure, extremal length and related notions in two dimensions (31A15) Other special orthogonal polynomials and functions (33C47) Orthogonal functions and polynomials, general theory of nontrigonometric harmonic analysis (42C05)

Abstract: For a given polynomial $P$ with simple zeros, and a given semiclassical weight $w$, we present a construction that yields a linear second-order differential equation (ODE), and in consequence, an electrostatic model for zeros of $P$. The coefficients of this ODE are written in terms of a dual polynomial that we call the electrostatic partner of $P$. This construction is absolutely general and can be carried out for any polynomial with simple zeros and any semiclassical weight on the complex plane. An additional assumption of quasi-orthogonality of $P$ with respect to $w$ allows us to give more precise bounds on the degree of the electrostatic partner. In the case of orthogonal and quasi-orthogonal polynomials, we recover some of the known results and generalize others. Additionally, for the Hermite--Pad'e or multiple orthogonal polynomials of type II, this approach yields a system of linear second-order differential equations, from which we derive an electrostatic interpretation of their zeros in terms of a vector equilibrium. More detailed results are obtained in the special cases of Angelesco, Nikishin, and generalized Nikishin systems. We also discuss the discrete-to-continuous transition of these models in the asymptotic regime, as the number of zeros tends to infinity, into the known vector equilibrium problems. Finally, we discuss how the system of obtained second-order ODEs yields a third-order differential equation for these polynomials, well described in the literature. We finish the paper by presenting several illustrative examples.

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Cited in

(2)

• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 5235527 (Why is no real title available?)
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