On Simultaneous Diagonal Inequalities, III

[For Part I, see J. Lond. Math. Soc. (2) 60, 659-676 (1999; Zbl 0941.11015).] Suppose that \(s\geq 1\) and \(k_1>\dots> k_t\geq 1\) are given integers, and let \(\lambda_{ij}\) be given nonzero real numbers for \(1\leq i\leq t\) and \(1\leq j\leq s\). The paper considers the simultaneous inequalities \[ |\lambda_{i1} x_1^{k_i}+\cdots+ \lambda_{is} x_s^{k_i}|< \tau\quad (1\leq i\leq t), \] where \(\tau> 0\) is a small real number. Subject to certain local solubility constraints one would expect there to be infinitely many integral solutions \(x_1,\dots, x_s\) to these inequalities, for any \(\tau\), providing that \(s\) is sufficiently large. The present paper produces a very general result of this type. Let \[ F(\alpha_1,\dots, \alpha_t)= \sum_{n\leq P}e(\alpha_1n^{k_1} +\cdots+ a_tn^{k_t}), \] and let \(f(\alpha_1,\dots, \alpha_t)\) be the corresponding sum with \(n\) restricted to be smooth. One assumes a minor arc estimate of the form \[ \sup_{\alpha_1,\dots, \alpha_t}|F(\alpha_1,\dots, \alpha_t)|\ll P^{1-\sigma} \] and a mean value bound of the shape \[ \int_{\alpha_1,\dots, \alpha_t}|f(\alpha_1,\dots, \alpha_t)|^{2u} d\alpha_1\dots d\alpha_t\ll P^{2u- k_1-\dots-k_t+\Delta}. \] It is then shown that \(s\geq 2u+v\) suffices, providing that \[ v\geq \max(2,t), \quad v\sigma> \Delta, \quad\text{and}\quad 2u+v> k_1(t+1) (1+\gamma/v), \] where \(\gamma=0\) or 1, according as \(v\) is even or odd. Corollaries for the case \(t=2\) are given, with \(2\leq t_2< t_1\leq 7\). It is noteworthy that these results are as sharp as those previously obtained by the author [Acta Arith. 104, 345-402 (2002; Zbl 1004.11055)] for pairs of diagonal equations with integer coefficients. The present theorem automatically includes such results.

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