On approximation of integrated semigroups

Banach space boundary elements methods Crank-Nicolson scheme finite difference methods finite elements methods Galerkin and projection methods integrated semigroups linear bounded operators semigroups of operators

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

One-parameter semigroups and linear evolution equations (47D06) Numerical solutions of ill-posed problems in abstract spaces; regularization (65J20) Finite difference methods for initial value and initial-boundary value problems involving PDEs (65M06) Boundary element methods for initial value and initial-boundary value problems involving PDEs (65M38) Finite element, Rayleigh-Ritz and Galerkin methods for initial value and initial-boundary value problems involving PDEs (65M60) Finite difference methods for boundary value problems involving PDEs (65N06) Finite element, Rayleigh-Ritz and Galerkin methods for boundary value problems involving PDEs (65N30)

Review text

The article deals with approximations of integrated semigroups in space and in time variables. More precisely, the authors deal with a Banach space \(E\), the family of Banach spaces \(E_n\), and a sequence of linear bounded operators \(p_n \in L(E,E_n)\) with the property \(\|p_nx\|_{E_n} \to \|x\|_E\) for any \(x \in E\). This abstract approximation scheme covers finite element methods, finite difference schemes and the projection method. For the approximations of semigroups in space, a closed densely defined operator in \(E\) and closed operators \(A_n\) in \(E_n\) are considered; it is assumed that these operators generate integrated semigroups \(e^{tA}\) and \(e^{tA_n}\), \(n = 1,2,\dots\). For \(B \in L(E)\), \(B_n \in L(E_n)\), \(n = 1,2,\dots\), the symbol \(B_n @>{{\mathcal P}{\mathcal P}}>> B\) means that the relation \(\|x_n - p_nx\|_{E_n} \to 0\) implies the relation \(\|B_nx_n - p_nBx\|_{E_n} \to 0\), \(x_n \in E_n\), \(n = 1,2,\dots\), \(x \in E\). The authors study, under different assumptions about semigroups \(e^{tA}\) and \(e^{tA_n}\), \(n = 1,2,\dots\), the equivalence or implications between any two of the following properties: {\parindent=7mm \begin{itemize}\item[(A)]there exists \(\lambda \in \rho(A) \cap (\cap_n \rho(A_n))\) such that \((\lambda I_n - A_n)^{-1} @>{{\mathcal P}{\mathcal P}}>> (\lambda I - a)^{-1}\), \item[(B)]there are some constant \(M \geq 1\) and \(\omega_1\) such that \(\|e^{tA_n}\|_{L(E_n)} \leq M \exp \, (\omega_1t)\) for \(t \geq 0\) and any \(n \in {\mathbb N}\), and the property \item[(C)]for some \(\omega > 0\) the relation \(e^{t(A_n - \omega I_n)} @>{{\mathcal P}{\mathcal P}}>> e^{t(A - \omega I)}\) holds uniformly with respect to \(t \in [0,\infty)\). \end{itemize}} Similar constructions are considered in the approximations of semigroups in time with the change of operators \(A_n\), \(n = 1,2,\dots\) with operators \(\breve{A}_n = (T_n - I)/\tau_n\), \(n = 1,2,\dots\), and semigroups \(e^{tA_n}\), \(n = 1,2,\dots\) with operators \(\int\limits_0^t T_n^{[s/\tau_n]} \, ds\), \(n = 1,2,\dots\). As partial cases three following cases are considered: \(T_n = (I_n - \tau_nA_n)^{-1}\) (implicit scheme), \(T_n = I + \tau_nA_n\) (explicit scheme), and \(T_n = (I_n + \tau_n/2 A_n)(I_n - \tau_n/2 A_n)^{-1}\) (Crank-Nicolson scheme).

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