On the intersections of Sylow subgroups in almost simple groups
A result by \textit{V. I. Zenkov} and \textit{V. D. Mazurov} [Algebra Logika 35, No. 4, 424--432 (1996; Zbl 0880.20011); translation in Algebra Logic 35, No. 4, 236--240 (1996)] states that if \(G\) is a finite simple group and \(H\) is a Sylow \(p\)-subgroup of \(G\), then there is \(x \in G\) such that \(H \cap H^{x} = 1\). This result does not generally extend to almost simple groups; a special case of a result of \textit{V. I. Zenkov} [Sib. Math. J. 62, No. 4, 621--637 (2021; Zbl 1534.20033); translation from Sib. Mat. Zh. 62, No. 4, 764--783 (2021)] yields that if \(G\) is a finite almost simple group and \(H\) is a Sylow \(p\)-subgroup of \(G\), then there are \(x, y \in G\) such that \(H \cap H^{x} \cap H^{y} = 1\).\N\NThese results can be conveniently stated in terms of the base size, in the sense of permutation group theory. If \(G\) is a finite group with no non-trivial normal \(p\)-subgroup, for some prime \(p\) and \(H\) is a Sylow \(p\)-subgroup of \(G\), then the size of a base for the action of \(G\) on the cosets of \(H\) is \(b(G, H) = \min \{ \lvert S \rvert : S \subseteq G, \bigcap_{x \in S} H^{x} = 1 \}\).\N\NWork of \textit{V. I. Zenkov} [Fundam. Prikl. Mat. 2, No. 1, 1--92 (1996; Zbl 0905.20011)] severely restricts the cases of finite almost simple groups \(G\) possessing a Sylow \(p\)-subgroup \(H\) such that \(H \cap H^{x} \ne 1\) for all \(x \in G\), that is, \(b(G, H) = 3\); in particular, in these cases \(p \in \{ 2, 3 \}\). The main result of the paper under review builds on the work of Zenkov to prove the following Theorem A. Let \(G\) be an almost simple group and let \(H\) be a Sylow \(p\)-subgroup of \(G\), for some prime divisor \(p\) of the order of \(G\). Then \(b(G, H) \le 3\), with equality if and only if \((p, G)\) belongs to a certain short list.\N\NThe results of this paper are obtained via a probabilistic approach based on fixed point ratio estimates.
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