Operator splitting for non-autonomous evolution equations
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Abstract: We provide general product formulas for the solutions of non-autonomous abstract Cauchy problems. The main technical tool is the application of evolution semigroup methods, allowing the direct application of existing results on autonomous problems. The results are then illustrated by the example of a imaginary time Schr"odinger equation with time dependent potential. We also obtain convergence rates for the Strang-splitting applied to this problem.
Under suitable assumptions, the solution of an autonomous initial value problem \[ u'(t) = (A + B)u(t) , \quad u(0) = u, \] where \(A, B\) generate the semigroups \(T(t), S(t)\) and the closure \(\overline{ A + B }\) is as well a semigroup generator, can be approximated by \[ \begin{aligned} u(t) &\approx \Big(S\Big({t \over n}\Big) T\Big({t \over n}\Big) \Big)^n u \qquad \text{(sequential splitting),} \\ u(t) &\approx \Big(T\Big( {t \over 2n}\Big)S\Big({t \over n}\Big) T\Big({t \over 2n}\Big) \Big)^n u \qquad \text{(Strang splitting),} \\ u(t) &\approx \Big( \theta S\Big({t \over n}\Big) T\Big({t \over n}\Big) + (1 - \theta) T\Big({t \over n}\Big) S\Big({t \over n}\Big) \Big)^n u \qquad \text{(weighted splitting),} \end{aligned} \] with \(0 < \theta < 1\) in the latter). The authors generalize these results to certain nonautonomous evolution equations \(u'(t) = (A(t) + B(t)) u(t)\).
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