Polynomial differential systems having a given Darbouxian first integral
A function \(H(x,y)=f_1^{\lambda_1}\cdots f_p^{\lambda_p} \exp(g/(f_1^{n_1}\cdots f_p^{n_p}) ),\) where \(f_1,\ldots,f_p\) are irreducible polynomials in \({\mathbb C}[x,y],\) \(\lambda_1,\ldots,\lambda_p\in\mathbb{C},\) \(n_1,\ldots,n_p\in{\mathbb N}\cup\{0\}\) and the polynomial \(g\in {\mathbb C}[x,y]\) is coprime with each \(f_i,\) whenever \(n_i\neq0,\) is called a Darbouxian function. The Darbouxian theory of integrability allows one to determine when a polynomial vector field has a first integral or an integrating factor of Darbouxian type. This paper mainly deals with the inverse problem, namely to characterize the polynomial vector fields \(X=(P,Q)\) in \({\mathbb C}^2\) which admit a first integral of Darbouxian type. The main result is an explicit expression of \(X\) which depends on the fact that \(\max\left(\deg g, \deg(f_1^{n_1}\cdots f_p^{n_p})\right)+\sum_{i=1}^p\deg{f_i}\) is greater or equal \(\deg(X)+1.\) One of the ingredients of the Darboux theory of integrability is the existence of a suitable number of invariant algebraic curves. The paper also deals with the search of Darbouxian integrating factors and gives a result which allows one to ensure the existence of such factors taking into account, among other things, not only the number of invariant algebraic curves, but also their degrees.
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