Positive bidiagonal factorization of tetradiagonal Hessenberg matrices

DOI10.1016/J.LAA.2023.08.001MaRDI QIDQ6051136zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors A. Branquinho, Ana Foulquié Moreno, Manuel Mañas

Publication date 19 September 2023

Published in Linear Algebra and its Applications (Search for Journal in Brave)

Copyright license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.10728

banded Hessenberg matrices bidiagonal factorization continued fractions Gauss-Borel factorization oscillatory matrices oscillatory retracted matrices totally nonnegative matrices

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Determinants, permanents, traces, other special matrix functions (15A15) Factorization of matrices (15A23) Toeplitz, Cauchy, and related matrices (15B05) Positive matrices and their generalizations; cones of matrices (15B48) Orthogonal polynomials and functions of hypergeometric type (Jacobi, Laguerre, Hermite, Askey scheme, etc.) (33C45) Other special orthogonal polynomials and functions (33C47) Orthogonal functions and polynomials, general theory of nontrigonometric harmonic analysis (42C05) Nonselfadjoint operators (47B28) Jacobi (tridiagonal) operators (matrices) and generalizations (47B36) Linear difference operators (47B39)

Abstract: Recently a spectral Favard theorem for bounded banded lower Hessenberg matrices that admit a positive bidiagonal factorization was presented. In this paper conditions, in terms of continued fractions, for an oscillatory tetradiagonal Hessenberg matrix to have such positive bidiagonal factorization are found. Oscillatory tetradiagonal Toeplitz matrices are taken as a case study of matrix that admits a positive bidiagonal factorization. Moreover, it is proved that oscillatory banded Hessenberg matrices are organized in rays, with the origin of the ray not having the positive bidiagonal factorization and all the interior points of the ray having such positive bidiagonal factorization.

Review text

The authors study the tetradiagonal Hessenberg matrix of the form \[ T = \begin{bmatrix} c_0 & 1 & 0 & \dots & \dots & \dots\\ b_1 & c_1 & 1& \ddots &&\\ a_2 & b_2 & c_2 & 1 & \ddots & &\\ 0 & a_3 & b_3 & c_3 & 1 &\ddots&\\ \vdots & \ddots & \ddots & \ddots & \ddots & \ddots\\ \vdots && \ddots & \ddots & \ddots & \ddots \end{bmatrix}, \] where \(a_n > 0\). They study the existence of a positive bidiagonal factorization (PBF) \(T = L_1 L_2 U\), where \(L_1\), \(L_2\), and \(U\) are bidiagonal matrices. They first summarize the theory pertaining to the tridiagonal case, emphasizing that a suitably shifted Jacobi matrix, denoted as \(\mathbf{J} + s \mathbf{I}\), exhibits oscillatory behavior. It is established that \(\mathbf{J}\) is oscillatory if and only if it possesses PBF properties. Then the authors use truncations and continued fractions to obtain their main results. They prove the existence of a PBF for the tetradiagonal matrix in the finite-dimensional case. For the infinite-dimensional case, the authors prescribe a boundary condition in the presence of PBF, extrapolating the finite PBF to the semi-infinite case. This extrapolation shows the existence of a PBF when a specific nonnegative infinite continued fraction is unequivocally positive. Furthermore, they carry out an analysis of the oscillatory Toeplitz matrices, establishing their capability to admit PBF. Finally, they prove that oscillatory banded Hessenberg matrices are organized in rays, where the origin of the ray does not have a PBF, but all the interior points of the ray do possess a PBF.

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