Multiple orthogonal polynomials: Pearson equations and Christoffel formulas

DOI10.1007/S13324-022-00734-1MaRDI QIDQ2083342zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Manuel Mañas, A. Branquinho, Ana Foulquié Moreno

Publication date 10 October 2022

Published in Analysis and Mathematical Physics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Copyright license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.12707

zbMATH Keywords

banded tetradiagonal recursion matricesChristoffel transformationsgeronimus transformationsmultiple orthogonal polynomialsPearson equation

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Orthogonal polynomials and functions of hypergeometric type (Jacobi, Laguerre, Hermite, Askey scheme, etc.) (33C45) Other special orthogonal polynomials and functions (33C47) Orthogonal functions and polynomials, general theory of nontrigonometric harmonic analysis (42C05)

Abstract: Multiple orthogonal polynomials with respect to two weights on the step-line are considered. A connection between different dual spectral matrices, one banded (recursion matrix) and one Hessenberg, respectively, and the Gauss-Borel factorization of the moment matrix is given. It is shown a hidden freedom exhibited by the spectral system related to the multiple orthogonal polynomials. Pearson equations are discussed, a Laguerre-Freud matrix is considered, and differential equations for type I and II multiple orthogonal polynomials, as well as for the corresponding linear forms are given. The Jacobi-Pi~neiro multiple orthogonal polynomials of type I and type II are used as an illustrating case and the corresponding differential relations are presented. A permuting Christoffel transformation is discussed, finding the connection between the different families of multiple orthogonal polynomials. The Jacobi-Pi~neiro case provides a convenient illustration of these symmetries, giving linear relations between different polynomials with shifted and permuted parameters. We also present the general theory for the perturbation of each weight by a different polynomial or rational function aka called Christoffel and Geronimus transformations. The connections formulas between the type II multiple orthogonal polynomials, the type I linear forms, as well as the vector Stieltjes-Markov vector functions is also presented. We illustrate these findings by analyzing the special case of modification by an even polynomial.

Recommendations

• Christoffel transformations for multivariate orthogonal polynomials
• Multiple orthogonal polynomials for classical weights
• Pearson equations for discrete orthogonal polynomials. III: Christoffel and Geronimus transformations
• Multiple Wilson and Jacobi--Piñeiro polynomials
• Some classical multiple orthogonal polynomials

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