Pseudo-modes for Schrödinger operators with complex potentials
Singular perturbations, turning point theory, WKB methods for ordinary differential equations (34E20) General spectral theory of ordinary differential operators (34L05) Particular ordinary differential operators (Dirac, one-dimensional Schrödinger, etc.) (34L40) Spectrum, resolvent (47A10) Nonselfadjoint operator theory in quantum theory including creation and destruction operators (81Q12) Semiclassical techniques, including WKB and Maslov methods applied to problems in quantum theory (81Q20)
The work of E. B. Davies and L. N. Trefethen on pseudo-spectra and pseudo-modes (= pseudo-eigenvalues) has invigorated interest in the spectral theory of non-selfadjoint ordinary differential operators over the last decade. The present paper contributes significantly to this theory, considering $L^2$-realisations of \[H_V:=-(d/dx)^2+V(x),\] where $V$ is a complex-valued function the modulus of which is locally of integrable square either on the whole line or on $(0,\infty)$. The authors' aim is to construct families of pseudo-modes $f_\lambda$ such that \[\Vert(H_V-\lambda) f_\lambda\Vert= o(1)\Vert f_\lambda\Vert\tag{+}\] as $\lambda\to\infty$ in a complex region $\Omega$, addressing the following questions: \begin{itemize}\item[a)] For which potentials $V$ does there exist a nontrivial region $\Omega$, where $(+)$ holds, and what can be said about the shape of $\Omega$?\item[b)] How large can $\text{Re\,}V$ be in comparison with $\text{Im\,}V$, so that $(+)$ holds?\item[c)] To what extent is the polynomial-like character of the potentials $V$ that have been studied so far important, and what role does the regularity of $V$ play?\end{itemize} Their answers are summarised in five theorems and are illustrated by a variety of examples, but unfortunately the technicalities are too involved to present them in a review. Here it must suffice to say that the desired pseudo-modes are obtained by means of an intricate and substantial variation of the classical Liouville-Green method (or, in the parlance of physics, the WKB approximation). The strategy is explained in \S2.3 and the full details are given in a six-page-appendix.
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