The Pauli objection
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Publication:1699596
DOI10.1007/S10701-017-0115-2zbMATH Open1383.81012arXiv1705.09212OpenAlexW3097995747WikidataQ62272303 ScholiaQ62272303MaRDI QIDQ1699596FDOQ1699596
Publication date: 23 February 2018
Published in: Foundations of Physics (Search for Journal in Brave)
Abstract: Schroedinger's equation says that the Hamiltonian is the generator of time translations. This seems to imply that any reasonable definition of time operator must be conjugate to the Hamiltonian. Then both time and energy must have the same spectrum since conjugate operators are unitarily equivalent. Clearly this is not always true: normal Hamiltonians have lower bounded spectrum and often only have discrete eigenvalues, whereas we typically desire that time can take any real value. Pauli concluded that constructing a general a time operator is impossible (although clearly it can be done in specific cases). Here we show how the Pauli argument fails when one uses an external system (a "clock") to track time, so that time arises as correlations between the system and the clock (conditional probability amplitudes framework). In this case, the time operator is not conjugate to the system Hamiltonian, but its eigenvalues still satisfy the Schroedinger equation for arbitrary Hamiltonians.
Full work available at URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1705.09212
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Cited In (5)
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- Geometric Event-Based Quantum Mechanics
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