Local biquandles and Niebrzydowski's tribracket theory

DOI10.1016/J.TOPOL.2019.01.018MaRDI QIDQ1738962zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Sam Nelson, Kanako Oshiro, Natsumi Oyamaguchi

Publication date 24 April 2019

Published in Topology and its Applications (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1809.09442

(co)homology group cocycle invariant link local biquandle region coloring semi-arc coloring surface-link tribracket

Abstract: We introduce a new algebraic structure called extit{local biquandles} and show how colorings of oriented classical link diagrams and of broken surface diagrams are related to tribracket colorings. We define a (co)homology theory for local biquandles and show that it is isomorphic to Niebrzydowski's tribracket (co)homology. This implies that Niebrzydowski's (co)homology theory can be interpreted similary as biqandle (co)homology theory. Moreover through the isomorphism between two cohomology groups, we show that Niebrzydowski's cocycle invariants and local biquandle cocycle invariants are the same.

Review text

The main results are as follows. The authors introduce a new algebraic structure called local biquandles, and show how to assign colorings of oriented classical link diagrams or broken surface diagrams using tribracket colorings. They discuss a (co)homology theory for local biquandles and show that it is isomorphic to Niebrzydowski's tribracket (co)homology. Niebrzydowski's cocycle invariants and local biquandle cocycle invariants are the same through the isomorphism between two cohomology groups. They provide examples of cocycles and compute cocycle invariants. \newline We explain the main results in more detail. A knot-theoretic horizontal-ternary-quasigroup (respectively, vertical-ternary-quasigroup) is a pair $(X, [\,])$ (respectively, $(X, \langle\,\rangle)$) of a set $X$ and a ternary operation $[\,]: X^3 \to X$ (respectively, $\langle \,\rangle: X^3 \to X$) satisfying certain axioms obtained from the oriented Reidemeister moves of link diagrams, and from an assignment of an element of $X$ to each region of a link diagram with a `horizontal' or `vertical' condition. The operation $[\,]$ (respectively, $\langle \,\rangle$) is called a horizontal tribracket (respectively, a vertical tribracket). Horizontal and vertical tribrackets are induced from each other. A local biquandle is a triple $(X, \{\underline{\star}_a\}_{a \in X}, \{\overline{\star}_a\}_{a \in X})$ of a set $X$ and two families of operations $\underline{\star}_a, \overline{\star}_a: (\{a\} \times X)^2 \to X^2$ satisfying certain axioms, where the axioms induce those analogous to the axioms of a biquandle. A local biquandle has the corresponding knot-theoretic horizontal-ternary-quasigroup: Given a local biquandle, we have a certain knot-theoretic horizontal-ternary-quasigroup, and given a knot-theoretic horizontal-ternary-quasigroup $(X, [\,])$, we can construct a local biquandle from which we have $(X, [\,])$. For a local biquandle, the authors assign colorings of oriented classical link diagrams or broken surface diagrams using the tribracket $[\,]$ of the corresponding knot-theoretic horizontal-ternary-quasigroup. \textit{M. Niebrzydowski} [``Ternary quasigroups in knot theory, Preprint, \url{arXiv:1708.05330}] studied knot-theoretic vertical-tribrackets $\langle \, \rangle$, and discussed a (co)homology theory for knot-theoretic ternary quasigroups. The authors study the correspondence between their (co)homology theory for local biquandles and that of Niebrzydowski.

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