Conformal symmetries in the extremal process of two-dimensional discrete Gaussian free field

Abstract: We study the extremal process associated with the Discrete Gaussian Free Field on the square lattice and elucidate how the conformal symmetries manifest themselves in the scaling limit. Specifically, we prove that the joint process of spatial positions (

x

) and centered values (

h

) of the extreme local maxima in lattice versions of a bounded domain

D s u b s e t m a t h b b C

converges, as the lattice spacing tends to zero, to a Poisson point process with intensity measure

Z^{D} (d x) o t i m e s e^{- a l p h a h} d h

, where

a l p h a

is a constant and

Z^{D}

is a random a.s.-finite measure on

D

. The random measures

Z^{D}

are naturally interrelated; restrictions to subdomains are governed by a Gibbs-Markov property and images under analytic bijections

f

by the transformation rule

(Z^{f (D)} c i r c f) (d x) o v e r s e t e x t l a w = | f^{'} (x) |^{4}, Z^{D} (d x)

. Conditions are given that determine the laws of these measures uniquely. These identify

Z^{D}

with the critical Liouville Quantum Gravity associated with the Continuum Gaussian Free Field.

Review text

There is an important relationship between the Discrete Gaussian Free Field and the Continuum Gaussian Free Field by which the later is limit of the former for extremal values in a proper subset of \(\mathbb{Z}^2\) that approximate a continuum domain \(D \in \mathbb{C}\). In this paper, the dependence of the limit statistics on \(D\) is investigated. In particular, the representation of the conformal symmetries of the Continuum Gaussian Free Field in the limit laws for extremal values of the Discrete Gaussian Free Field is found. In previous works, the authors found that the process of extreme local maxima on the lattice version of the unit square tend in the limit of locality to a Poisson point process and solved the problem of extremal points which are not local maxima. In the present article, the authors generalize this result to a class of bounded open sets in \(\mathbb{C}\) which are not squares and find the correspondence between the \(Z\)-measures. The laws of the \(Z\)-measures are characterized by the same properties as the ``white-noise critical Liouville Quantum Gravity in the bounded open and the Gibbs-Markov property is established. Also, it is shown that the random measures of the bounded sets are related to each other as a consequence of the conformal transformations of these sets. The control of the law of scaled position and center value of large absolute maxima is obtained.

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