On fundamental groups with the quotient topology

DOI10.1007/S40062-013-0042-7MaRDI QIDQ2018829zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Paul Fabel, Jeremy Thomas Brazas

Publication date 25 March 2015

Published in Journal of Homotopy and Related Structures (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1304.6453

zbMATH Keywords

fundamental groupquasitopological groupseparation propertiesshape group

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Topological groups (topological aspects) (54H11) Homotopy groups, general; sets of homotopy classes (55Q05) Shape groups (55Q07) Homotopy groups of special spaces (55Q52)

Abstract: The quasitopological fundamental group $p{i}_1^{qtop}(X,x_0)$ is the fundamental group endowed with the natural quotient topology inherited from the space of based loops and is typically non-discrete when $X$ does not admit a traditional universal cover. This topologized fundamental group is an invariant of homotopy type which has the ability to distinguish weakly homotopy equivalent and shape equivalent spaces. In this paper, we clarify various relationships among topological properties of the group $p{i}_1^{qtop}(X,x_0)$ and properties of the underlying space $X$ such as `$p{i}_1$-shape injectivity' and `homotopically path-Hausdorff.' A space $X$ is $p{i}_1$-shape injective if the fundamental group canonically embeds in the first shape group so that the elements of $p{i}_1(X,x_0)$ can be represented as sequences in an inverse limit. We show a locally path connected metric space $X$ is $p{i}_1$-shape injective if and only if $p{i}_1^{qtop}(X,x_0)$ is invariantly separated in the sense that the intersection of all open invariant (i.e. normal) subgroups is the trivial subgroup. In the case that $X$ is not $p{i}_1$-shape injective, the homotopically path-Hausdorff property is useful for distinguishing homotopy classes of loops and guarantees the existence of certain generalized covering maps. We show that a locally path connected space $X$ is homotopically path-Hausdorff if and only if $p{i}_1^{qtop}(X,x_0)$ satisfies the $T_1$ separation axiom.

Review text

The subject of the paper is the fundamental group of locally complicated spaces, sometimes also called wild spaces. Such spaces typically fail to be locally path connected, locally contractible or semi-locally simply connected. A generic example would be the Hawaiian Earring. On one hand, the generalizations of covering spaces motivated a number of properties related to loops in a space. Such properties represent conditions or obstructions to the existence of various covering spaces. Examples include homotopically Hausdorff spaces, homotopically path-Hausdorff spaces and \(\pi_1\)-shape injective spaces. On the other hand, one may equip the loop space with the compact open topology and consider the obvious quotient topology \(\pi_1^{qtop}\) on the fundamental group. Such topology turns out to be useful in distinguishing spaces even though it does not make the fundamental group a topological group. The content of this paper is to relate the separation properties of the fundamental group equipped with the quotient topology and the above mentioned properties related to generalizations of covering spaces. Numerous results include the following: \( \bullet\) A space is homotopically path-Hausdorff iff \(\pi_1^{qtop}\) is \(T_1.\) \( \bullet\) A space is \(\pi_1\)-shape injective iff \(\pi_1^{qtop}\) is invariantly separated. \( \bullet\) A condition implying that \(\pi_1^{qtop}\) is a \(T_4\) topological group.

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Cited in

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