The incidence comodule bialgebra of the Baez-Dolan construction

DOI10.1016/J.AIM.2021.107693MaRDI QIDQ2020408zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Publication date 23 April 2021

Published in Advances in Mathematics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.11320

bar construction comodule bialgebra decomposition space incidence bialgebra operad tree

Trees (05C05) Bialgebras (16T10) Coalgebras and comodules; corings (16T15) Monads (= standard construction, triple or triad), algebras for monads, homology and derived functors for monads (18C15) Operads (general) (18M60)

Abstract: Starting from any operad P, one can consider on one hand the free operad on P, and on the other hand the Baez--Dolan construction on P. These two new operads have the same space of operations, but with very different notions of arity and substitution. The main result of this paper is that the incidence bialgebras of the two-sided bar constructions of the two operads constitute together a comodule bialgebra. The result is objective: it concerns comodule-bialgebra structures on groupoid slices, and the proof is given in terms of equivalences of groupoids and homotopy pullbacks. Comodule bialgebras in the usual sense are obtained by taking homotopy cardinality. The simplest instances of the construction cover several comodule bialgebras of current interest in analysis. If P is the identity monad, then the result is the Fa`a di Bruno comodule bialgebra (dual to multiplication and substitution of power series). If P is any monoid

O m e g a

(considered as a one-coloured operad with only unary operations), the resulting comodule bialgebra is the dual of the near-semiring of

O m e g a

-moulds under product and composition, as employed in 'Ecalle's theory of resurgent functions in local dynamical systems. If P is the terminal operad, then the result is essentially the Calaque--Ebrahimi-Fard--Manchon comodule bialgebra of rooted trees, dual to composition and substitution of B-series in numerical analysis (Chartier--Hairer--Vilmart). The full generality is of interest in category theory. As it holds for any operad, the result is actually about the Baez--Dolan construction itself, providing it with a new algebraic perspective.

Review text

From an operad \(\mathsf{P}\) can be carried two constructions about which the paper is devoted: the two-sided bar construction of the free operad on \(\mathsf{P}\) and on the Baez-Dolan construction on \(\mathsf{P}\). It appears that this provides a comodule bialgebra (on groupoid slices). Homotopy cardinality may be applied to recover comodule bialgebras in the usual sense (at the price of adding some finiteness conditions). With some instances of these constructions are recovered many well-known comodule bialgebras. In addition to this deep result, and although the result is categorical in nature, the author also focuses on providing combinatorial description (for instance in terms of trees) of the various objects occurring in the text, which is interesting to make more concrete the abstract and formal constructions. The main result of the paper takes the following form (Theorem 3.2.1, p. 47): For any operad \(\mathsf{P}\), the two-sided bar constructions \(Bar_{\mathsf{S}}(\mathsf{P}^*)\) and \(Bar_{\mathsf{S}}(\mathsf{P}^\circ)\) together endow the slice category \(\mathbf{Grpd}_{/\mathsf{S}(\mathrm{tr}(\mathsf{P}))}\) with the structure of a comodule bialgebra. At this point some explanations are necessary to provide a finer understanding of the above statement. By ``operad is meant a ``colored symmetric operad in \(\mathrm{Set}\) with a groupoid of colours (rather than just a set). It can be equivalently described (see p. 26) by a finitary polynomial monad \(\mathsf{P}\colon \mathbf{Grpd}_{/I}\to \mathbf{Grpd}_{/I}\) (\(I\) stands for the groupoid of colours). \(\mathsf{P}^*\): for any polynomial endofunctor \(\mathsf{P}\), one has the free monad \(\mathsf{P}^*\) on \(\mathsf{P}\) (p. 27). \(\mathrm{tr}(\mathsf{P})\) stands for the groupoid of \(\mathsf{P}\)-trees (see pp. 23--24). Given a polynomial monad \(\mathsf{P}\), \(\mathsf{P}^\circ\) is the Baez-Dolan construction on \(\mathsf{P}\), that is, a monad obtained from some adjunction by transport along an equivalence of categories (see 2.2.1 p. 31 for more details). \(\mathsf{S}\colon \mathbf{Grpd}\to\mathbf{Grpd}\) is the free-symmetric-monoidal-category endofunctor, which is a monad (p. 25): given a groupoid \(X\), \(\mathsf{S}X\) stands for the groupoids of ``monomials of objects in \(X\). For any operad, the two-sided bar construction \({Bar}_{\mathsf{S}}(\mathsf{R})\) is an \(\mathsf{S}\)-algebra in Segal spaces. \(Bar_{\mathsf{S}}(\mathsf{P}^*)\) and \(Bar_{\mathsf{S}}(\mathsf{P}^\circ)\) both are simplicial groupoids sharing the same groupoid in degree \(1\), namely \(\mathsf{S}(\mathrm{tr}(\mathsf{P}))\) of monomials \(\mathsf{P}\)-trees. Now decomposition spaces (which are particular simplicial groupoids) and thus also Segal groupoids, admit the incidence-coalgebra construction (pp. 17--18), that is, admit a homotopy-coherent coassociative comodule on a groupoid slice (that is a category of the form \(\mathbf{Grpd}_{/I}\)). When \(\mathsf{R}\) is an operad, the incidence-coalgebra structure on \({Bar}_{\mathsf{S}}(\mathsf{R})\) actually provides a bialgebra (with multiplication given by disjoint union, which is compatible with the comultiplication). In order to recover some usual constructions on vector spaces by taking cardinality, some finiteness conditions are needed (see for instance the notion of locally finite operads, p. 53), and this in turn needs a thorough, subtle and technical modification of the Baez-Dolan construction by considering a ``reduced version of it. All of this takes the form of a ``locally finite version of the Main Theorem 3.2.1 (see Theorem 4.3.6, p. 61), which is far from being immediate! In the last part of the paper, the author provides many examples to make connections with known constructions.

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